CHUYÊN ĐỀ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN ÔN THI VÀO 10
1. Lý thuyết
1.1. Định nghĩa
- Câu điều kiện là câu gồm hai phần: Một phần nêu lên điều kiện của hành động và một phần còn lại nêu kết quả của hành động đó, hay còn gọi là mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (thường bắt đầu với if) và mệnh đề chính (chứa will/ would)
- Mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện thì luôn đi liền sau từ if
1.2. Các loại câu điều kiện
a. Điều kiện loại 1: diễn tả hành động có thể thực ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
| If + S + present simple (thì hiện tại đơn), S + simple future (thì tương lai đơn) + V |
Ví dụ: If I have enough money, I will buy that flat (Nếu tôi có đủ tiền, tôi sẽ mua căn hộ kia)
b. Điều kiện loại 2: diễn tả hành động không có thực ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
| If + S + simple past (quá khứ đơn), S + past future ( would) + V |
Ví dụ: If I were the president, I would build more hospitals (Nếu tôi là tổng thống, tôi sẽ xây nhiều bệnh viện hơn)
c. Điều kiện loại 3: diễn tả hành động không có thực trong quá khứ
| If + S + past perfect (quá khứ hoàn thành), S + would have + PII |
Ví dụ: If I had known she was ill, I would have come to see her
* Lưu ý: Ở mệnh đề chỉ kết quả, tùy theo ngữ cảnh có thể thay thế would bằng các động từ khuyết thiếu khác(might, should, could,…)
d. Điều kiện loại 0: diễn tả hành động, sự việc luôn đúng ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
| If + present (thì hiện tại), S + present (thì hiện tại) |
Ví dụ: If there is no air on the earth, life doesn’t exist
* Chú ý: Unless = If ….. not (nếu không thì/ trừ phi)
Ví dụ: Unless Anna had to work in the evenings, she would go to concerts
(= If Anna didn’t have to work in the evenings, she would go to concerts)
1.3. Câu điều kiện ở dạng đảo ngữ:
a. Câu điều kiện loại 1:
| Should + S + V, S + Will +V |
Ví dụ: Should I have enough money, I will buy that flat (If I have enough money, I will buy that flat)
b. Câu điều kiện loại 2:
| Were + S + to + V, S + Would + V |
Ví dụ: Were I the president, I would build more hospitals (If I were the president, I would build more hospitals)
c. Câu điều kiện loại 3:
| Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + V3/Ved |
Ví dụ: Had I known she was ill, I would have come to see her
2. Bài tập
2.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
1. If I (find) ______ a cheap room, I will stay a fortnight
2. If I saw a tiger walking across the park, I ____ (climb) the tree
3. Why don’t you drive your car to work? If I ____ (have) a car, I would drive
4. He might get rid of his cough if he _____ (not smoke) so much
5. She was sent to the prison only because she refused to pay the fine; if she had paid the fine, she _____ (not be) sent to prison
6. The job is much worse than I expected. If I ____ (realize) how awful it was going to be I wouldn’t have accepted it
7. Provided you remember the password, you __ (be) in no danger.
8. I will lend you my radio as long as you _____ (bring) it back before Sunday
9. We would have gone to the talk if we _____ (know) about it
10. I ____ (buy) those shoes if I were you.
2.2. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences:
1. If I had free time, I _____ some shopping with you
A. did
B. will do
C. would do
D. would have done
2. Unless she ____, she will be late for school
A. hurried
B. hurries
C. will hurry
D. is hurrying
3. I would have given him this present, if I ___ him
A. had meet
B. had met
C. meet
D. met
4. Will you be angry if I ___ your pocket dictionary?
A. stole
B. have stolen
C. were to steal
D. steal
5. If he ____ the truth, the police wouldn’t have arrest him
A. tells
B. told
C. had told
D. would tell
6. If you press that button, what ______?
A. would happen
B. would have happened
C. will happen
D. happen
7. If my mother ____ me up, I will catch the bus
A. doesn’t pick
B. didn’t take
C. not pick
D. hadn’t picked
8. If the weather is nice, I ____ for a walk
A. will go
B. go
C. would go
D. would have gone
9. ____________, the accident would not have happened yesterday
A. If Nam drives more carefully
B. If had Nam driven more carefully
C. Had Nam driven more carefully
D. Unless Nam had driven more carefully
10. I’d give up my job if I ____ a big prize in a lottery
A. win
B. won
C. had won
D. would won
2.3. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same
1. What would you do if you found some buried treasure?
If you were ______________
2. Working so much will make you tired
If you __________________
3. We didn’t visit the museum because we hadn’t time
We would ______________
4. Without you, I would have given up years ago
If it ___________________
5. We didn’t go by air only because we hadn’t enough money
If we __________________
6. If by any chance you find my wallet, could you let me know?
If you should ____________
7. I regret not studying hard last term
If only _________________
8. He didn’t work hard at school, so he didn’t get a good job when he left
If _____________________
9. People don’t do enough exercise, so there is a lot of heart disease
If people _______________
10. Children have bad teeth because they eat too many sweets
Children would have better teeth if ______________
ĐÁP ÁN
2.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
1. If I (find) __find____ a cheap room, I will stay a fortnight
2. If I saw a tiger walking across the park, I _would climb___ (climb) the tree
3. Why don’t you drive your car to work? If I _had___ (have) a car, I would drive
4. He might get rid of his cough if he __didn’t smoke___ (not smoke) so much
5. She was sent to the prison only because she refused to pay the fine; if she had paid the fine, she __wouldn’t have been___ (not be) sent to prison
6. The job is much worse than I expected. If I _had realized___ (realize) how awful it was going to be I wouldn’t have accepted it
7. Provided you remember the password, you _will be_ (be) in no danger.
8. I will lend you my radio as long as you __bring___ (bring) it back before Sunday
9. We would have gone to the talk if we __had known___ (know) about it
10. I _would buy___ (buy) those shoes if I were you.
2.2. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences:
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B
2.3. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same
1. If you were to find some buried treasure, what would you do?
2. If you didn’t work so much, you wouldn’t be tired
3. We would have visited the museum if we had had time
4. If it hadn’t been for you, I would have given up years ago
5. If we had had enough money, we would have gone by air
6. If you should find my wallet, could you let me know?
7. If only I had studied hard last tern
8. If he had worked hard at school, he would have got a good job when he left
9. If people did enough exercise, they wouldn’t have/ get heart disease
10. Children would have better teeth if they didn’t eat too many sweets
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