CÂU PHỨC HỢP VÀ ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Hệ thống kiến thức
1.1. Câu phức hợp và đại từ quan hệ
Tiếng Anh có 2 loại câu:
- Câu đơn giản: là câu có 1 thành phần và chỉ cần như vậy câu cũng đã đủ nghĩa.
- Câu phức hợp: là loại câu có 2 thành phần (2 mệnh đề) chính/phụ nối với nhau bằng một từ gọi là đại từ quan hệ.
a. That và Which làm chủ ngữ của mệnh đề phụ
Nó đứng đầu câu phụ, thay thế cho danh từ bất động đứng trước nó và đóng vai trò chủ ngữ của câu phụ. Trong trường hợp này không thể lược bỏ that hoặc which:
We bought the stereo that had been advertised at a reduced price.
(We bought the stereo. It had been advertised at a reduced price)
b. That và Which làm tân ngữ của mệnh đề phụ
Nó thay thế cho danh từ bất động đứng trước nó, mở đầu câu phụ nhưng đóng vai trò tân ngữ trong câu phụ. Trong trường hợp này có thể lược bỏ that hoặc which:
George is going to buy the house (that) we have been thinking of buying.
(George is going to buy a house. We have been thinking of buying it).
Người ta dùng that chứ không dùng which khi:
Đứng trước nó là một tính từ so sánh bậc nhất + danh từ
That is the best novel that has been written by this author.
Khi đằng trước nó là một số các đại từ phiếm chỉ như all, some, any, anything, everything, much, little, nothing v.v..
I want to see all that he possesses.
All the apples that fall are eaten by pig.
c. Who làm chủ ngữ của mệnh đề phụ
Nó thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc động vật đứng trước nó và đóng vai trò chủ ngữ của câu phụ. Trong trường hợp này không thể lược bỏ who:
The man who is in this room is angry.
d. Whom làm tân ngữ của mệnh đề phụ
Nó thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc động vật (động vật nuôi trong nhà) đứng trước nó và đóng trò tân ngữ của câu phụ; nó có thể bỏ đi được.
The men (whom) I don’t like are angry.
Nếu whom làm tân ngữ của một ngữ động từ bao gồm 1 Verb + 1 giới từ thì lối viết chuẩn nhất là đưa giới từ đó lên trước whom.
The man to whom you have just talked is the chairman of the company.
Tuy nhiên nếu whom là tân ngữ của một ngữ động từ bao gồm 1 động từ + 2 giới từ thì 2 giới từ đó vẫn phải đứng đằng sau động từ.
The man whom you are looking forward to is the chairman of the company.
Không được dùng who thay cho whom trong văn viết dù nó được chấp nhận trong văn nói.
1.2. Mệnh đề phụ bắt buộc và không bắt buộc
a. Mệnh đề phụ bắt buộc
Là loại mệnh đề bắt buộc phải có mặt ở trong câu, nếu bỏ đi câu sẽ mất ý nghĩa ban đầu. Nên dùng that làm chủ ngữ cho loại câu này mặc dù which vẫn được chấp nhận. Câu phụ thường đứng xen vào giữa câu chính hoặc nối liền với câu chính và không tách rời khỏi nó bởi bất cứ dấu phảy nào. Trong ví dụ sau nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề phụ được gạch chân thì câu sẽ mang ý nghĩa hoàn toàn khác:
Weeds that float to the surface should be removed before they decay.
b. Mệnh đề phụ không bắt buộc
Là loại mệnh đề mang thông tin phụ trong câu, nếu bỏ nó đi câu không mất nghĩa ban đầu. Không được dùng that làm chủ ngữ mà phải dùng which, cho dù which có là tân ngữ của mệnh đề phụ cũng không được phép bỏ nó đi. Câu phụ thường đứng chen vào giữa câu chính và bắt buộc phải tách khỏi câu chính bằng 2 dấu phẩy. Xét hai ví dụ sau:
My car, which is very large, uses too much gasoline.
This rum, which I bought in the Virgin Islands, is very smooth.
c. Tầm quan trọng của việc sử dụng dấu phẩy đối với mệnh đề phụ
Ở những mệnh đề phụ bắt buộc, khi không dùng dấu phẩy tức là mệnh đề phụ xác định một giới hạn đối với danh từ đằng trước trong mệnh đề chính
The travelers who knew about the flood took another road. (Những người biết về trận lũ đều chọn đường khác)
The wine that was stored in the cellar was ruined.
Đối với những mệnh đề phụ không bắt buộc, khi có dấu phẩy ngăn cách thì nó không xác định giới hạn đối với danh từ đứng trước nó.
The travelers, who knew about the flood, took another road. (Tất cả những người…)
The wine, which was stored in the cellar, was ruined.
Note: Các nguyên tắc trên đây chỉ dùng trong văn viết, không dùng trong văn nói. Lỗi ngữ pháp của TOEFL không tính đến mệnh đề phụ bắt buộc nhưng sẽ trừ điểm nếu phạm phải lỗi mệnh đề phụ không bắt buộc.
1.3. Cách sử dụng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which
Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, call her every week. (không được nói both of them)
The buses, most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.
Tuyệt đối không được dùng đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ: them, us trong trường hợp này.
What (the things that) có thể làm tân ngữ cho mệnh đề phụ cùng lúc làm chủ ngữ cho mệnh đề chính/ hoặc làm chủ ngữ của cả 2 mệnh đề chính, phụ:
What we have expected is the result of the test.
What happened to him yesterday might happen to us tomorrow.
Whose (của người mà, của con mà) có thể thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc động vật ở trước nó và chỉ sự sở hữu của người hoặc động vật đó đối với danh từ đi sau.
James, whose father is the president of the company, has received a promotion.
Trong lối văn viết trang trọng nên dùng of which để thay thế cho danh từ bất động mặc dù whose vẫn được chấp nhận.
Savings account, of which interest rate is quite hight, is very common now. (of which = whose).
Hoặc dùng with + noun/ noun phrase thay cho whose.
A house whose walls were made of glass is easy to break = A house with glass walls is easyto break.
1.4. Cách loại bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề phụ
Đối với những mệnh đề phụ bắt buộc người ta có thể (không bắt buộc) loại bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ to be (cùng với các trợ động từ của nó) trong một số trường hợp sau:
a. Trước một mệnh đề phụ mà cấu trúc động từ ở thời bị động.
This is the value of X (which was) obtained from the areas under the normal curve.
b. Trước một mệnh đề phụ mà sau nó là một ngữ giới từ.
The beaker (that is) on the counter contains a solution.
c. Trước một cấu trúc động từ ở thể tiếp diễn.
The girl (who is) running down the street might be in trouble.
Ngoài ra trong một số trường hợp khi đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề phụ bắt buộc gắn liền với chủ ngữ đứng trước nó và mệnh đề phụ ấy diễn đạt qui luật của sự kiện, người ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ chính để thay vào đó bằng một Verb-ing.
The travelers taking (who take) this bus on a daily basis buy their ticket in booking.
Trong những mệnh đề phụ không bắt buộc người ta cũng có thể loại bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ to be khi nó đứng trước một ngữ danh từ. Tuy nhiên phần ngữ danh từ còn lại vẫn phải đứng giữa 2 dấu phẩy.
Mr Jackson, (who is) a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
Một trường hợp khác rất phổ biến là loại bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ chính, thay vào đó bằng một Verb-ing khi mệnh đề phụ này bổ nghĩa cho một tân ngữ.
The president made a speech for the famous man visiting (who visited) him.
2. Bài tập về câu phức hợp
2.1. Bài tập 1: Viết lại những câu sau mà không làm thay đổi nghĩa câu của nó.
1. Service in this hotel ought to improve. There’s been a change of management. (because)
= > Service in this hotel ought to improve because there’s been a change of management.
2. The Air Traffic Controllers are on strike. We have cancelled our holiday. (as)
3. Could you sell your old computer to me? You have no further.use for it. (seeing (that))
4. She’s never in when I phone. I’ll have to write to her. (since)
5. I’ve had to have the document translated. I can’t read Russian. (since)
2.2. Bài tập 2: Hoàn thành câu bằng cách sử dụng những liên từ đã cho.
1. It’s expensive. He’s determined to buy it. (however expensive)
= > However expensive it is, he’s determined to buy it.
2. I work hard. I still have to take work home with me. (however hard)
3. You write well. It doesn’t mean you will be published. (however well)
4. She feels sorry. The damage has been done. (no matter how sorry)
5. How much will they pay us? It will never compensate us. (no matter how much)
6. It doesn’t matter how many cards I send. I always receive more. (no matter how many)
7. It doesn’t matter what he tells you. Don’t believe a word he says. (whatever)
2.3. Bài tập 3
1. I’m going to buy a computer. I haven’t got much money. (even though)
2. I intend to go for a walk this morning. It’s raining. (even if)
3. I’d like to help you. I’m afraid I won’t be able to. (much as)
4. Your design is excellent. It isn’t suitable for our purposes. (while)
5. I try hard to play the piano. I don’t seem to improve. (although)
6. Chinese is so difficult. It’s surprising how many people learn it. (considering that)
7. The play was wonderful. The film was a commercial failure. (whereas)
2.4. Bài tập 4: Điền những liên từ sau vào ô trống trong đoạn văn sau: as, because, even though, since, though, while
A SORT OF HUMANBURGER
(1) Even though it’s difficult to find work these days, Joe Dobson has just given up his job. They were surprised when he announced this at the Job Centre (2)…after a lot of effort, they had found Joe a jab at a Hamburger Bar. (3)… Joe wasn’t highly-qualified, this hadn’t been easy. Yet Joe resigned, (4)… the job was easy and quite well-paid. ‘What did you have to do for your money?’ the young woman at the Job Centre asked. ‘Strange (5) … it sounds,’ Joe said, ‘I had to dress up as a hamburger and stand outside the restaurant.’ ‘A sort of humanburger?’ she suggested. ‘That’s right,’ Joe said. ‘I had to stand between the two round halves of a bun, (6) …I was “disguised” as the hamburger filling, covered in tomato sauce. The uniform was wonderful, (7) …I looked good enough to eat. The manager was pleased with me, (8) … I attracted a lot of customers.’ ‘So why did you give up, Joe?’ the young woman asked kindly. (9) … ’ Joe said, his voice breaking slightly, ‘students kept turning me on my side and rolling me down hill!’
2.5. Bài tập 5: Viết lại câu hoàn chỉnh với liên từ cho sẵn:
1. I lost a lot of weight. I was ill. (when)
2. I phoned home. I arrived in the airport building. (immediately after)
3. 3 She had already opened the letter. She realized it wasn’t addressed to her. (before)
4. The building had almost burnt down. The fire brigade arrived. (by the time)
5. We realized that something had gone wrong. We saw him run towards us. (as soon as)
2.6. Bài tập 6:
1. I won’t know if I have got into university. I will get my exam results. (until)
2. I’II give him your message. He will phone. (as soon as)
3. We should visit the Duty Free Shop. Our flight will be called. (before)
4. I’II be dead. They will find a cure for the common cold. (by the time)
5. You’ll get a surprise. You will open the door. (the moment)
2.7. Bài tập 7: Hoàn thiện những câu sau:
1. This is the exact spot where the accident happened.
2. You’re not allowed to park anywhere ……………………………….
3. Some television programmes are familiar everywhere……………………………….
4. Please sit wherever……………………………….
5. Let’s put the television set in a place where………………………………………….
2.8. Bài tập 8: Hoàn thiện những câu sau:
1. It sounds as if it’s raining.
2. 1 think this omelette is exactly as………………………………………….
3. When I told her the news she acted as though………………………………………….
4. I think you should write the report in the way………………………………………….
5. You never do anything the way………………………………………….
2.9. Bài tập 9: Điền những liên từ sau vào ô trống: as, as soon as, as if, before, that, the way (that), when, which.
CAUGHT BY THE HEEL!
Mr Boxell was just shutting his shoe shop at the end of the day(1)when a man in a well-cut suit walked in and asked for an expensive pair of shoes. There was something about (2)……………………… the man walked that made Mr Boxell suspicious. He felt (3)……………………… he had seen him before somewhere, and then remembered that he had -on TV! The man was a wanted criminal! The man tried on a few pairs of shoes (4)……………………… he bought a pair (5)……………………… Mr Boxell strongly recommended. ‘They’re a bit tight,’ the man complained. ‘They’ll stretch, sir,’ Mr Boxell said. (6)……………………… Mr Boxell had expected, the man limped into the shop next day to complain about the shoes. (7)……………………… he entered the shop, he was surrounded by police. Mr Boxell had deliberately sold the man a pair of shoes (8)……………………… were a size too small, knowing he would return them the next day!
2.10. Bài tập 10: Viết lại những câu sau sử dụng “in order that” và “so that”
1. I took twenty driving lessons to pass my driving test first time.
2. I arrived at the cinema early so as not to miss the beginning of the film.
3. We stood up in order to get a better view of what was happening.
4. Mr Jones bought a second car for his wife to learn to drive.
5. I spoke slowly and clearly because I wanted the audience to understand me.
2.11. Bài tập 11: Viết lại những câu sau, sử dụng “in case”:
1. I’m going to sign the agreement immediately. You might change your mind.
2. Take this key with you. You might not be able to get into the house.
3. We keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen. There might be a fire.
4. Go by train. There might be a lot of traffic on the roads.
5. I’m going to take my passport with me. I might need it.
2.12. Bài tập 12: Viết lại những câu sau sử dụng “so…(that)” và “such…(that)”
1. We were late. We missed the first act of the play.
2. I was working hard. I forgot what the time was.
3. There was a delay. We missed our connecting flight.
4. We’ve had difficulties. We don’t think we can stay in business.
2.13. Bài tập 13: Viết lại những câu sau, sử dụng những liên từ được cho sẵn:
1. John works hard. Susan works hard. (as…as)
2. John is less intelligent than Suan. (not so…as)
3. This computer holds less information than that one. (not…as much…as)
4. The film “Superman 1” is enjoyable. “Superman 2” is enjoyable, too. (as…as)
2.14. Bài tập 14: Điền as…as, but, in case, in order that, so…that, such…that, when, which vào chỗ trống trong đoạn văn sau.
WYSIWYG
We create new words all the time. We have to do this in order that may express new ideas. Perhaps the strangest word (2) … has come into the English language recently is ‘wysiwyg’. I was (3) … puzzled by this word…I kept asking people what it meant, (4) … no one knew. Last week I found it in a dictionary. It is not (5)… peculiar… I had thought. It comes from computers. This is what it means, (6) … you want to know: ‘What You See Is What You Get’. This means that what you see on your screen is what you get ’ (7) … you print. Now I discover that everyone knows this word. The other day I was in my favourite restaurant and ordered sausages. They were (8) … small sausages…I complained to the waitress. She just smiled at me and whispered, ‘Wysiwyg!’
ĐÁP ÁN
Bài tập 1:
1. Service in this hotel ought to improve because there’s been a change of management.
2. As the Air Traffic Controllers are on strike, we have cancelled our holiday.
3. Could you sell your old computer to me, seeing (that) you have no further use for it!
4. Since she’s never in when I phone, I’ll have to write to her.
5. I’ve had to have the document translated since I can’t read Russian.
Bài tập 2:
1. However expensive it is, he’s determined …
2. However hard I work, I still …
3. However well you write, it doesn’t mean …
4. No matter how sorry she feels, the damage …
5. No matter how much they pay us, it will never …
6. No matter how many cards I send, I always …
7. Whatever he tells you, don’t believe …
Bài tập 3:
1. … computer, even though I haven’t got much money.
2. … this morning, even if it’s raining.
3. Much as I’d like to help you, I’m afraid . . .
4. While your design is excellent, it isn’t suitable …
5. Although I try hard to play the piano, I don’t …
6. Considering that Chinese is so difficult, it’s surprising …
7. Whereas the play was wonderful, the film . . .
Bài tập 4:
1. Even though/though
2. because/as, since
3. As/Because/Since
4. even though
5. though/as
6. while
7. because
8. because/as/since
9. Because
Bài tập 5:
1. … weight when I was ill.
2. . . . home immediately after I arrived in the airport building.
3. . . . the letter before she realized it wasn’t addressed to her.
4. … burnt down by the time the fire brigade arrived.
5. … gone wrong as soon as we saw him run toward us.
Bài tập 6:
1. … university until I get my exam results.
2. … message as soon as he phones.
3. … Duty Free Shop before our flight is called.
4. … dead by the time they find a cure for the common cold.
5. … surprise the moment you open the door.
Bài tập 7:
1. where the accident happened.
2. anywhere you like.
3. everywhere you go in the world.
4. wherever you can find a chair.
5. where everyone can see it.
Bài tập 8:
1. as if it’s raining.
2. as he likes it.
3. as though it was my fault.
4. in the way you wrote it last year.
5. the way I show you.
Bài tập 9:
1 when 2 the way (that) 3 as if 4 before 5 which/that 6 As 7 As soon as 8 that/which
Bài tập 10:
1 … driving lessons in order that/so that I might pass my driving test first time.
2 … the cinema early in order that/so that I might not miss the beginning of the film.
3 We stood up in order that/so that we might get a better view . . .
4 … a second car in order that/so that his wife might learn to drive.
5 … and clearly in order that/so that the audience might understand me.
Bài tập 11:
1 … immediately in case you change (or should change) your mind.
2 … with you in case you are not able (or should not be able) to get into the house.
3 … the kitchen in case there is (or should be) a fire.
4 … train in case there is (or should be) a lot of traffic on the roads.
5 … with me in case I need (or should need) it.
Bài tập 12:
1 We were so late (that) we missed …
2 I was working so hard (that) I forgot …
3 There was such a delay (that) we missed …
4 We’ve had such difficulties (that) we don’t think …
Bài tập 13:
1 John works as hard as Susan (does).
2 John is not so intelligent as Susan (is).
3 This computer does not hold as much information as that one (does).
4 The film ‘Superman 1’ is as enjoyable as ‘Superman 2’ (is).
Bài tập 14:
1. in order that
2. which
3. so … (that)
4. but
5. as … as
6. in case
7. when
8. such … (that)
3. Bài tập về đại từ quan hệ
3.1. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành các câu sau hoặc chọn đáp án có câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu gốc:
1. She is talking about the author________book is one of the best-sellers this year.
A. which
B. whose
C. that
D. who
2. He bought all the books__________are needed for the next exam.
A. that
B. what
C. those
D. who
3. The children,__________parents are famous teachers, are taught well.
A. that
B. whom
C. whose
D. their
4. Do you know the boy________we met at the party last week?
A. which
B. whose
C. who
D. whom
5. The exercises which we are doing________very easy.
A. is
B. has been
C. are
D. was
6. The man_______next to me kept talking during the film, _______really annoyed me.
A. having sat / that
B. sitting / which
C. to sit / what
D. sitting / who
7. Was Neil Armstrong the first person________foot on the moon?
A. set
B. setting
C. to set
D. who was set
8. This is the village in________my family and I have lived for over 20 years.
A. which
B. that
C. whom
D. where
9. My mother,________everyone admires, is a famous teacher.
A. where
B. whom
C. which
D. whose
10. The old building__________is in front of my house fell down.
A. of which
B. which
C. whose
D. whom
11. We need a teacher__________native language is English.
A. who
B. whose
C. whom
D. that
12. I bought a T- shirt________is very nice.
A. who
B. whose
C. whom
D. that
l3. The woman,________was sitting in the meeting hall, didn't seem friendly to us at all.
A. who
B. whom
C. where
D. when
14. The man with__________I have been working is very friendly.
A. who
B. that
C which
D. whom
15. We'll come in May__________the schools are on holiday.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. when
3.2. Chọn câu đúng:
1. She gives her children everything ..................... they want.
A. that B. who C. whom D. what
2. Tell me ...................... you want and i will try to help you.
A. that B. what C.who D. which
3. The place ......................... we spent our holiday was really beautiful.
A. what B. who C. where D. which
4. What was the name of the girl....passport was stolen?
A. whose B. who C. which D. when
5. The bed ...................... I slept in was too soft.
A. whose B. which C. what D. who
6. Nora is the only person ......................... understands me.
A. which B. who C. what D. whose
7. Why do you always disagree with everything...I say?
A. who B. which C. when D. what
8. This is an awful film. It is the worst...I have never seen.
A. who B. that C. what D. whom
9. The hotel ...we stayed was not clean.
A. who B. that C. where D. when
10. The last time ...I saw her, she looked very beautiful.
A. who B. that C. where D. when
11. What was the name of the people ...car had broken down.
A. which B. who C. whom D. whose
12. I recently went back to the town...I was born.
A. what B. where C. who D. which
13.The reason ........................... I phoned him was to invite him to a party.
A. what B. whose C. why D. which
14. I don't agree with .................... you have just said.
A. what B. who C. when D. which
15. She told me her address ........................ I wrote on a piece of paper.
A. what B. which C. when D. where
16. The dress didn't fit her, so she took it back to the shop ................... she had bought it.
A. where B. which C. what D. when
17. Do you know the girl .......................... Tom is talking to?
A. whom B. what C. which D. whose
18. I gave her all the money ............................ I had.
A. that B. what C. when D. whose
19. The party .......................... we went to wasn't very enjoyable.
A. who B. when C. that D. where
20.The stories .............................. Tom tells are usually very funny.
A. when B. that C. where D. who
21. I met the woman ............................. can speak 6 languages.
A. who B. that C. which D. whom
22. Have you seen the money ........................... was on the table?
A. who B. which C. where D. whom
23. Where is the picture ............................ was on the wall?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
24 .I don't like people ............................ never stop talking.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
25. Why does she always wear clothes .............................. are too small for her?
A. which B. who C. whose D. where
26. The factory .................. John works in is the biggest in town.
A. when B. where C. which D. how
27. Have you ever seen the photographs ...................... Ann took?
A. that B. where C. when D. who
28. Everybody ........................ went to the party enjoyed it very much.
A. that B. whose C. which D. who
29. 1945 was the year ........................ the second world war ended.
A. which B. why C. when D. where
30. Is there a shop near hear ........................ I can buy a postcard?
A. when B. which C. where D. who
3.3. Choose the correct answer.
1. Mr.Huynh, ______ is living behind my house, is a cook.
A. that
B. who
C. whom
D. what
2. Her phone ______ was my friend’s got broke.
A. which
B. whom
C. who
D. that
3. The man _______ she wanted to see her parents.
A. which
B. where
C. whom
D. who
4. Her grandfather, _______ is 80, often takes exercise.
A. what
B. who
C. where
D. which
5. The woman _______ came here yesterday is her teacher. (Who)
A. who
B. that
C. whom
D. what
6. Freedom is something for ________ millions have given their lives. which
A. which
B. where
C. who
D. who
7. The really happy people are those ……enjoy their daily work. who
A. what
B. who
C. which
D. where
8. My mother loves tokbokki, _________ is a Korea food. Who
A. which
B. where
C. whom
D. who
9. Gin has passed the exam yesterday, ________ is great news.
A. who
B. that
C. which
D. whom
10. The book ________ is on the tables is his teacher’s.
A. who
B. that
C. which
D. whom
11. The man_____ lives next door is a teacher.
A.that
B. who
C. which
D. whom
12. Peter, _____ I played tennis with on Sunday, was fitter than me.
A.that
B. who
C. which
D. whom
13. The old building__________is in front of my house fell down.
A. of which
B. which
C. whose
D. whom
14. We’ll come in July __________the schools are on holiday.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. when
3.4. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ.
1. The man who is standing there is a clown.
2. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.
3. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.
4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.
5. The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.
6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.
7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.
8. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.
9. All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam.
10. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.
11. The street which leads to the school is very wide.
12. The system which is used here is very successful.
13. John, who teaches my son, is my neighbor.
14. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.
15. The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam.
16. We are driving on the road which was built in 1980.
17. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager.
18. The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt.
19. My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm.
20. The vegetable which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.
ĐÁP ÁN
I. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành các câu sau hoặc chọn đáp án có câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu gốc:
1 - B; 2 - A; 3 - C; 4 - D; 5 - C;
6 - B; 7 - C; 8 - A; 9 - B; 10 - B;
11 - B; 12 - D; 13 - A; 14 - D; 15 - D;
II. Chọn câu đúng:
1. A; 2. B; 3. C; 4. A; 5. B;
6. B; 7. B; 8. B; 9. C; 10. D;
11. D; 12. B; 13. C; 14. A; 15. B;
16. A; 17. A; 18. A; 19. C; 20. B;
21. A; 22. B; 23. C; 24. A ; 25. A;
26. C; 27. A; 28. A; 29. C; 30. C;
III. Choose the correct answer.
1. Chọn B (Who thay thế cho Mr.Huynh)
2. Chọn D (That thay thế cho her phone – mệnh đề xác định)
3. Chọn C (thiếu tân ngữ – whom thay thế cho the man)
4. Chọn B (Who thay thế cho her grandfather)
5. Chọn A (Who thay thế cho the woman)
6. Chọn A (Which thay thế cho freedom)
7. Chọn B (Who thay thế cho people)
8. Chọn A (Which thay thế cho tokbokki)
9. Chọn C (Which thay thế cho việc Gin đã vượt qua bài kiểm tra)
10. Chọn C (Which thay thế cho the book)
11. Chọn B < Who thay thế cho the man>
12. Chọn B hoặc D < Who / Whom đối với câu này có thể chọn cả hai ý đều đúng thay thế cho từ chỉ người>
13. Chọn B < Which thay thế cho The old building>
14. Chọn D < When là từ phù hợp được dùng trong câu>
IV. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ.
1. The man standing there is a clown.
2. The envelop lies on the table has no stamp on it.
3. Benzene, discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.
4. My grandmother, being old and sick, never goes out of the house.
5. The student don't know how to do exercise given by the teacher yesterday.
6. The diagrams made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.
7. The gentleman living next door to me is a well-known orator.
8. All the astronauts orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.
9. All students not handing in their papers will fail in the exam.
10. I saw many houses destroyed by the storm.
11. The street leading to the school is very wide.
12. The system used here is very successful.
13. John, teaching my son, is my neighbor.
14. Trains leaving from this station take an hour to get to London.
15. The candidates sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam.
16. We are driving on the road built in 1980.
17. Customers complaining about the service should see the manager.
18. The city destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt.
19. My brother, meeting you yesterday, works for a big firm.
20. The vegetable sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.
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- Tổng hợp kiến thức về Pronoun - Đại từ
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