QUAN HỆ GIỮA CÁC Ý TRONG CÂU TIẾNG ANH
1. Lý thuyết
1.1. Liên từ kết hợp ( Coordinating Conjunctions )
Liên từ kết hợp được sử dụng để kết nối hai (hoặc nhiều hơn) đơn vị từ tương đương nhau (Eg: kết nối 2 từ vựng, 2 cụm từ hoặc 2 mệnh đề trong câu).
| ( Coordinating Conjunctions | Meanings |
| for | a reason |
| and | equal idea or time order |
| nor | negative choice or alternative |
| but | contrast |
| or | choice |
| yet | contrast |
| so | a result |
+ Example:
- I like watching sports and listening to music. Tôi thích xem thể thao và nghe nhạc.
- I didn’t have enough money so I didn’t buy that car. Tôi không có đủ tiền nên tôi không mua xe đó.
Liên từ trong tiếng Anh.
- Mẹo giúp nhớ các liên từ kết hợp:
- FANBOYS (F – for, A – and, N – nor, B – but, O – or, Y – yet, S – so)
| Liên từ kết hợp | Ví dụ |
| - FOR: Giải thích lý do hoặc mục đích (dùng giống because) + Lưu ý: Khi hoạt động như một liên từ, for chỉ đứng ở giữa câu, sau for phải sử dụng một mệnh đề và trước for phải có dấu phẩy (,) |
|
| - AND: Thêm / bổ sung một thứ vào một thứ khác |
|
| - NOR: Dùng để bổ sung một ý phủ định vào ý phủ định đã được nêu trước đó. |
|
| - BUT: Dùng để diễn tả sự đối lập, ngược nghĩa |
|
| - OR: Dùng để trình bày thêm một lựa chọn khác. |
|
| - YET: Dùng để giới thiệu một ý ngược lại so với ý trước đó (tương tự but) |
|
| - SO: Dùng để nói về một kết quả hoặc một ảnh hưởng của hành động/sự việc được nhắc đến trước đó. |
|
- Nguyên tắc dùng dấu phẩy (,) với liên từ kết hợp:
+ Nếu liên từ kết hợp được dùng để liên kết 2 mệnh đề độc lập (mệnh đề có thể đứng riêng như một câu) thì giữa hai mệnh đề phải sử dụng dấu phẩy (,).
- Eg: I took a book with me on my holiday, yet I didn’t read a single page. (I took a book with me on my holiday và I didn’t read a single page là mệnh đề độc lập nên phải có dấu phẩy)
+ Nếu liên từ được dùng để kết nối 2 cụm từ (câu không hoàn chỉnh) hoặc từ (ví dụ trong danh sách liệt kê) thì không cần dùng dấu phẩy (,).
- Eg: I do morning exercise every day to keep fit and relax. (keep fit và relax không phải mệnh đề độc lập nên không phải có dấu phẩy)
+ Khi liệt kê từ 3 đơn vị trở lên, ta dùng dấu phẩy ở giữa các đơn vị trước; với đơn vị cuối cùng ta có thể dùng hoặc không dùng dấu phẩy.
Eg: Many fruits are good for your eyes, such as carrots, oranges, tomatoes (,) and mango.
Nhiều loại trái cây rất tốt cho đôi mắt của bạn, chẳng hạn như cà rốt, cam, cà chua (,) và xoài.
1.2. Liên từ tương quan (Correlative Conjunctions)
Liên từ tương quan được sử dụng để kết nối 2 đơn vị từ với nhau và luôn đi thành cặp không thể tách rời.
- Eg: He’s not only affluent but also good-looking. Anh ấy không chỉ giàu có mà còn đẹp nữa.
| Liên từ tương quan | Ví dụ |
| - EITHER … OR: dùng để diễn tả sự lựa chọn: hoặc là cái này, hoặc là cái kia. | I want either the pizza or the sandwich. |
| - NEITHER … NOR: dùng để diễn tả phủ định kép: không cái này cũng không cái kia. | I want neither the pizza nor the sandwich. I’ll just need some biscuits. |
| - BOTH … AND: dùng để diễn tả lựa chọn kép: cả cái này lẫn cả cái kia. | I want both the pizza and the sandwich. I’m very hungry now. |
| - NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO: dùng để diễn tả lựa chọn kép: không những cái này mà cả cái kia | I’ll eat them both: not only the pizza but also the sandwich |
| - WHETHER … OR: dùng để diễn tả nghi vấn giữa 2 đối tượng: liệu cái này hay cái kia. | I didn’t know whether you’d want the pizza or the sandwich, so I got you both. |
| - AS …AS: dùng để so sánh ngang bằng: bằng, như | Bowling isn’t as fun as soccer. |
| - SUCH… THAT / SO … THAT: dùng để diễn tả quan hệ nhân – quả: quá đến nỗi mà | The boy has such a good voice that he can easily capture everyone’s attention. His voice is so good that he can easily capture everyone’s attention. Giọng của anh ấy rất hay đến nỗi anh ấy có thể thu hút sự chú ý của mọi người. |
| - SCARECELY … WHEN / NO SOONER … THAN: dùng để diễn tả quan hệ thời gian: ngay khi | I had scarcely walked in the door when I got the call and had to run right to my office. |
| - RATHER … THAN : dùng để diễn tả lựa chọn: hơn là, thay vì | She’d rather play the drums than sing. |
- Lưu ý: Trong cấu trúc với neither…nor và either…or, động từ chia theo chủ ngữ gần nhất còn trong cấu trúc với both…and và not only …but also, động từ chia theo chủ ngữ kép (là cả 2 danh từ trước đó.)
1.3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating Conjunctions)
Liên từ phụ thuộc được sử dụng để bắt đầu mệnh đề phụ thuộc, gắn kết mệnh đề này vào mệnh đề chính trong câu. Mệnh đề phụ thuộc có thể đứng trước hoặc đứng sau mệnh đề chính nhưng phải luôn được bắt đầu bằng liên từ phụ thuộc.
Eg: Although I studied hard, I couldn’t pass the exam.
Mặc dù tôi học tập chăm chỉ, nhưng tôi không thể vượt qua kỳ thi
| Liên từ phụ thuộc | Ví dụ |
| - AFTER / BEFORE: dùng để diễn tả thời gian, một việc xảy ra sau/trước một việc khác – sau / trước khi | He watches TV after he finishes his work. |
| - ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH: dùng để biểu thị hai hành động trái ngược nhau về mặt logic – mặc dù + Lưu ý: Although / though / even though dùng với mệnh đề, ngoài ra còn có thể dùng despite và in spite of + phrase, despite the fact that và in spite of the fact that + clause để diễn đạt ý tương đương | Although he is very old, he goes jogging every morning. Despite his old age, he goes jogging every morning.Mặc dù tuổi già, ông ấy đi chạy bộ mỗi sáng. |
| - AS: dùng để diễn tả hai hành động cùng xảy ra – khi; hoặc diễn tả nguyên nhân – bởi vì | As this is the first time you are here, let me take you around (= because) |
| - AS LONG AS: dùng để diễn tả điều kiện –chừng nào mà, miễn là | “I don’t care who you are, where you’re from, don’t care what you did as long as you love me” (Backstreet boys) |
| - AS SOON AS: dùng để diễn tả quan hệ thời gian – ngay khi mà | As soon as the teacher arrived, they started their lesson. |
| - BECAUSE / SINCE: dùng để diễn tả nguyên nhân, lý do – bởi vì - Lưu ý: Because / since dùng với mệnh đề, ngoài ra có thể dùng because of / due to + phrase để diễn đạt ý tương đương. | I didn’t go to school today because it rained so heavily. I didn’t go to school today because of the heavy rain. Hôm nay tôi không đi học vì mưa lớn. |
| - EVEN IF: dùng để diễn tả điều kiện giả định mạnh –kể cả khi | “Even if the sky is falling down, you’ll be my only” (Jay Sean). |
| - IF / UNLESS: dùng để diễn tả điều kiện – nếu / nếu không | The crop will die unless it rains soon. |
| - ONCE: dùng để diễn tả ràng buộc về thời gian – một khi | Once you’ve tried it, you cannot stop. |
| - NOW THAT: dùng để diễn tả quan hệ nhân quả theo thời gian – vì giờ đây | Baby, now that I’ve found you, I won’t let you go. |
| - SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT: dùng để diễn tả mục đích – để | We left early so that we wouldn’t be caught in the traffic jam. |
| - UNTIL: dùng để diễn tả quan hệ thời gian, thường dùng với câu phủ định – cho đến khi | He didn’t come home until 2.00 a.m. yesterday. |
| - WHEN: dùng để diễn tả quan hệ thời gian – khi | When she cries, I just can’t think! |
| - WHERE: dùng để diễn tả quan hệ về địa điểm – nơi | I come back to where I was born. |
| - WHILE: dùng để diễn tả quan hệ thời gian – trong khi; hoặc sự ngược nghĩa giữa 2 mệnh đề - nhưng (= WHEREAS) | I was washing the dishes while my sister was cleaning the floor. |
| - IN CASE / IN THE EVENT THAT: dùng để diễn tả giả định về một hành động có thể xảy ra trong tương lai – trong trường hợp, phòng khi. | In case it will rain, please take an umbrella when you go out. |
2. Bài tập vận dụng
Choose the best option to complete the following sentences
2.1. Exercise 1
1. _______ Paul bring the money for our lunch, we'll go right down to the cafeteria.
a. Since b. As soon as c. Now that d. Until
2. My mouth is burning! This is_______ spicy food that I don't think I can finish it.
a. such b. so c. very d. too
3. Both my books _______ from my room last night.
a. were stolen and my wallet b. and my wallet were stolen
c. and my wallet was stolen d. were and my wallet was stolen
4. When______ a dictionary, you need to be able to understand the symbols and abbreviations it contains.
a. having used b. use c. to use d. using
5. Bats are fascinating_______ have many interesting and amazing qualities.
a. animals. Therefore, they b. animals, they
c. animals. They d. animal. Because they
6. While_____ to help Tim with his math, I got impatient because he wouldn't pay attention to what I was saying.
a. I am trying b. having tried c. I try d. trying
7. _______ extremely bad weather in the moutains, we're no longer considering our skiing trip.
a. Due to b. Because c. Since d. Due to the fact that
8. Emily is motivated to study____ she knows that a good education can improve her life.
a. therefore b. because of c. because d. so
9. Sonia broke her leg in two place ______, she had to wear a cast and use crutches for three months.
a. Inasmuch as b. Consequently c. For that d. Because
10. Our village had______ money available for education that the schools had to close.
a. so little b. such little c. so much d. such much
11. Hundred of species of Hawaiian flowers have become extinct or rare _______ land development and the grazing of wild goats.
a. now that b. due to c. because d. for
12. Tom Booth is one the best players in the country. We have won al of our games_____ he joined our team.
a. when b. the first c. since d. due to
13. Joe seemed to be in a good mood, _______ he snapped at me angrily when I asked him to join us.
a. yet b. so c. for d. and
14. ________ Jan arrives, we will have finished this group project.
a. By the time b. Until c. Now that d. Since
15. For the most part, young children spend their time playing, eating, and _______ a lot.
a. they sleep b. sleeping c. sleep d. they are sleeping
16. Joan worked in a vineyeard last summer ________ money for school expenses.
a. because to earn b. so she earns
c. for she earned d. so that she could earn
17. __________ unprepared for the exam, I felt sure I would get a low score.
a. Being b. Having c. Because d. Upon
18. Ever since_______ Ted the bad news, he's been avoiding me.
a. telling b. told c. I told d. having told
19. ________ my daughter reaches the age of sixteen, she will be able to drive.
a. Having b. Since c. one d. Because
20. Matt will enjoy skiing more the next time he goes to Mr. Baker _____ he was had skiing lessons.
a. so that b. before c. now that d. and
2.2. Exercise 2
1. Some people are tall, whereas others are________
a. intelligent b. thin c. short d. large
2. A box is square, whereas_______
a. a rectangle has four sides b. my village has a town square in the centre
c. we use envelopes for letters d. a circle is round
3. While some parts of the world get an abundance of rain, others________
a. are warm and humid b. are cold and wet
c. get little or none d. get a lot
4. In some nations coffee in the favourite beverage, while_________
a. I like tea b. in has caffeine c. in others it is tea d. tea has caffeine too
5. Some people like cream and sugar in their coffee, while_______
a. others drink hot coffee b. others like it black
c. milk is good in coffee, too d. sugar can cause cavities
6. Jack is an interesting storyteller and conversationalist. His brother, on the other hand, ________
a. is a newspaper reporter
b. bores other people by talking about himself
c. has four children
d. knows a lot of stories, too
7. I can't ride my bicycle ______ there isn't any air in one of the tires.
a. despite b. because c. although d. but
8. I got to class on time_______ I had missed by bus.
a. even though b. nevertheless c. because d. despite
9. Brian used to bean active person, but now he has to limit his activities_______ problem with his health.
a. nevertheless b. because of c. although d. in spite of
10. It should be easy for Bod to find more time to spend with his children_______ he no longer has to work in the evenings and on weekends.
a. even though b. now that c. due to d. but
11. Jake is a very good student of languages. His brother Michael, _________ has never been able to master another language.
a. therefore b. even though c. whereas d. on the other hand
12. The ancient Aztecs of Mexico had no technology for making tools from metal ____, they had sharp knives and spears made from a stone called obsidian.
a. Whereas b. Although c. Nevertheless d. Despite
13. Roberts missed the meeting without a good reason. She had been told that it was critical that she be there. I couldn't want to be in her shoes at work tomorrow.
a. despite b. despite the fact that c. even d. however
14. I usually enjoy attending amateur productions in small community theaters. The play we attended last night, _______ was so bad that I wanted to leave after the first act.
a. therefore b. however c. whereas d. even though
15. Some snakes are poisonous, _______ other are harmless.
a. but b. so c. for d. despite
16. Most 15th century Europeans believed that the world was flat and that a ship could conceivably sail off the end of the earth__________ many sailors of the time refused to venture forth with explorers into unknown waters.
a. due to the fact that b. Nevertheless c. Therefore d. Whereas
17. ________ the secret of how to make silk remained inside Asia, Europeans were forced to pay incredibly high sums of money for this mysterious material to be brought over land to Europe.
a. Although b. Only if c. Due to d. As long as
18. Ancient Egyptians mummified their dead through the use of chemicals, ______ ancient Peruvians mummfied their dead through natural processes by putting dead bodies in extremely dry desert caves.
a. whereas b. because c. even though d. whether or not
19. Some people really enjoy swimming, ________ others are afraid of water.
a. while b. or c. despite d. in spite of
20. I was cold and wet________ Bob put on is swimming suit and went to the beach.
a. Therefore b. Despite c. Although d. Nevertheless
2.3. Exercises 3
1. The sky was gray and cloudy________, we went to the beach.
a. Consequently b. Nevertheless c. Even though d. In spite of
2. I turned on the fan_______ the room was hot.
a. due to b. despite c. even though d. because
3. Sam and I will meet you at the restaurant tonight________ we can find a babysitter.
a. although b. unless c. otherwise d. only if
4. Carol showed up for the meeting______ I asked her not to be there.
a. even though b. despite c. provided that d. because
5. You must lend me the money for the trip________, I won't be able to go.
a. Consequently b. Nevertheless c. Otherwise d. Although
6. The road will remain safe_______ the flood washes out the bridge.
a. as long as b. unless c. providing that d. since
7. The roles of men and women were not the same ancient Greece. For example, men were both participants and spectators in the ancient Olympics. Women ________, were forbidden to attend or particpate.
a. nevertheless b. on the other hand c. therefore d. otherwise
8. The window were all left open_____, the room was a real mess after the windstorm.
a. Nevertheless b. However c. Consequently d. Otherwise
9. ______ I can't make the presentation myself, I've asked my assistant to be prepared to do it for me.
a. For b. In the event that c. Only if d. On the other hand
10. It looks like they're going to succeed_______ their present difficulties.
a. despite b. because of c. even though d. yet
11. ________ Marge is an honest person, I still wonder whether she's telling the truth about the incident.
a. In spite of b. Since c. Though d. In the event that
12. The professor told me that I was doing well, ______ my final grade was awful!
a. so b. therefore c. in spite of d. yet
13. ________ Beth has a new car, she no longer takes the computer train to work. She drives to work every day.
a. Now that b. While c. Although d. Incase
14. You'd better give me your answer quickly, _______ I'll withdraw the invitation.
a. although b. nevertheless c. even though d. or else
15. I have to go the meeting _________ I want to or not.
a. provided that b. whether c. even if d. only if
16. What time do you expect Ted to be home? I must talk to him. I usually go to bed around ten, but tell him to call me tonight_________ it's past midnight.
a. however b. in case c. even if d. as long as
17. _________ you're going to the fruit market, would you please pick up a few apples for me?
a. Even if b. Although c. So d. As long as
18. I guess I'm a soft touch. I just lent Jan some money for lunch________ she never paid me back my last loan.
19. I think I did okay in my speech last night______ I'd had almost no sleep for 24 hours.
a. even b. even c. unless d. despite the fact that
20. I asked Angela to run the office while I'm gone__________ I know I can depend on her.
a. unless b. since c. although d. therefore.
2.4. Exercise 4
1. ________ the salary meets my expectations, I will accept the job offer.
a. Due to b. Even if c. Provide that d. Unless
2. To power their inventions, people have made use of natural energy sources, ________ coal, oil, water, and steam.
a. in addition to b. as c. and they use d. such as
3. _________ excellent art museums, Moscow has a world-famous ballet company.
a. Because of b. In spite of c. In case of d. In addition to
4. It is still a good idea to know how to type, ________ the many technological advances in typewriters and word processors, a skilled operator remains indispensable.
a. Because of b. In spite of c. In case of d. In addition to
5. Even though a duck may live on water, it stays dry__________ the oil on its feathers. The oil prevents the water from soaking through the feathers and reaching its skin.
a. due to b. besides c. in spite of d. in event of
6. Alex cannot express himself clearly and correctly in writing. He will never advance in his job______ he improves his language skills.
a. otherwise b. if c. only if d. unless
7. _______ there was no electricity, I was able to read because I had a candle.
a. Unless b. Even though c. Even d. Only if
8. A fire must have a readily available supply of oxygen_______, it will stop burning
a. Consequently b. Furthermore c. Otherwise d. However
9. I studied Spanish for your years in high school _____, I had trouble taking with people when I was traveling in Spain.
a. Therefore b. On the other hand c. Moreover d. Nevertheless
10. I'm sorry you've decided not to go with us on the river trip, but _______ you change your mind, there will still be enough room on the boat for you.
a. even b. nevertheless c. in the even that d. provided that
11. I like to keep the windows open at night no matter how cold it gets. My wife, _______ prefers a warm bedroom with all windows tightly shut.
a. nevertheless b. consequently c. on the other hand d. moreover
12. Some fish can survive only in salt water, ______ other species can live only in fresh water.
a. whereas b. unless c. if d. since
13. ______ Jason became famous, he has ignored his old friends. He shouldn't do that.
a. if b. Ever since c. Even though d. Due to
14. We're going to lose this game________ the team doesn't start playing better soon.
a. if b. unless c. although d. whereas
15. My two children are cooking dinner for the family for the first time tonight ________ the food is terrible, I'm going to enjoy this meal very much. It will be fun to have them cook for me a change.
a. Only if b. if c. Even if d. Provided that
16. Jack insisted that he didn't need any help, _______ I helped him anyway.
a. and b. so c. besides d. but
17. Florida is famous for its tourist attractions. Its coastline offers excellent white sand beaches_________ it has warm, sunny weather.
a. Otherwise b. Furthermore c. Nevertheless d. On the other hand
18. The flowers will soon start to bloom_______ winter is gone and the weather is beginning to get warmer.
a. event if b. agree I c. I agree d. I will agree
19. Only if you promise to study hard_________ to tutor you.
a. will I agree b. agree I c. I agree d. I will agree
20. Camels have either one hump or two humps, the Arabian camel has one hump.
a. nevertheless b. however c. furthermore d. otherwise
3. Đáp án
Exercise 1
| 1b | 2a | 3b | 4d | 5c | 6d | 7a | 8c | 9b | 10a |
| 11b | 12c | 13a | 14a | 15b | 16d | 17a | 18c | 19c | 20c |
Exercise 2
| 1c | 2d | 3c | 4c | 5b | 6b | 7b | 8a | 9b | 10b |
| 11d | 12c | 13b | 14b | 15a | 16c | 17d | 18a | 19a | 20d |
Exercises 3
| 1b | 2d | 3d | 4a | 5c | 6b | 7b | 8c | 9b | 10a |
| 11c | 12d | 13a | 14d | 15b | 16c | 17d | 18a | 19d | 20b |
Exercise 4
| 1c | 2d | 3d | 4b | 5a | 6d | 7b | 8c | 9d | 10c |
| 11c | 12a | 13b | 14a | 15c | 16d | 17b | 18b | 19a | 20b |
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Mời các em tham khảo các tài liệu có liên quan:
- Tổng hợp các vấn đề về câu trong ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh
- Tổng hợp kiến thức về Pronoun - Đại từ
- Tổng hợp kiến thức về trạng từ chỉ tần suất
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