TỔNG HỢP KIẾN THỨC VỀ LIÊN TỪ PHỤ THUỘC
A. LÝ THUYẾT
1. Chức năng
Liên từ phụ thuộc được sử dụng để bắt đầu mệnh đề phụ thuộc, gắn kết mệnh đề này vào mệnh đề chính trong câu. Mệnh đề phụ thuộc có thể đứng trước hoặc đứng sau mệnh đề chính nhưng phải luôn được bắt đầu bằng liên từ phụ thuộc.
2. Các liên từ phụ thuộc
2.1. After/ before: sau/ trước (dùng để diễn tả thời gian, một việc xảy ra sau hoặc trước một việc khác)
Ví dụ: Jim went out after he had finished his homework.
(Jim ra ngoài sau khi đã hoàn thành bài tập về nhà).
Sam drank milk before she ate breakfast.
(Sam đã uống sữa trước khi ăn sáng).
2.2. Although/ Though/ Even though: mặc dù
Ví dụ: Although she is tired, she goes to school.
(Mặc dù mệt, cô ấy vẫn đến trường).
Lưu ý: Although / though / even though dùng với mệnh đề, ngoài ra còn có thể dùng despite và in spite of + N/V.ing, hoặc despite the fact that và in spite of the fact that + clause để diễn đạt ý tương đương
2.3. As: khi (dùng để diễn tả 2 hành động cùng xảy ra)/bởi vì (diễn tả nguyên nhân)
Ví dụ: I didn’t do homework as I played game last night.
(Tôi đã không làm bài tập vì tôi đã chơi game tối qua).
My mother is cooking as I am playing soccer.
(Mẹ đang nấu ăn khi tôi đang đá bóng).
2.4. As long as: miễn là
Ví dụ: I don’t care who you are as long as you love me.
(Tôi không quan tâm bạn là ai, miễn là bạn yêu tôi).
2.5. As soon as: ngay khi
Ví dụ: As soon as she left, we started to cook dinner.
(Ngay khi cô ấy rời đi, chúng tôi mới bắt đầu nấu bữa tối).
2.6. Even if: kể cả khi
Ví dụ: Even if the sky is falling down, I will love you.
(Kể cả khi bầu trời sập xuống, tôi vẫn sẽ mãi yêu bạn).
2.7. Because/ since: bởi vì
Ví dụ: I didn’t go to school today because it rained so heavily.
(Tôi không đi học hôm nay bởi vì trời mưa lớn).
Lưu ý: Because/ since dùng với mệnh đề, ngoài ra có thể dùng because of/ due to + phrase để diễn đạt ý tương đương.
2.8. Once: một khi
Ví dụ: I will not believe in you once you lie to me.
(Tôi sẽ không tin vào bạn nữa một khi bạn lừa dối tôi).
2.9. Now that: vì giờ đây
Ví dụ: I won’t find you, now that you aren’t mine.
(Tôi sẽ không tìm bạn nữa vì giờ đây bạn không còn là của tôi).
2.10. So that/ In order that: để
Ví dụ: We left early in order that we wouldn’t be caught in the traffic jam.
(Chúng tôi ra sớm để không bị kẹt xe).
2.11. Until: cho đến khi
Ví dụ: I didn’t come back home until 1 p.m.
(Tôi đã không về nhà cho đến 1 giờ sáng).
2.12. When: khi
Ví dụ: When I was young, I listened to the radio.
(Khi tôi còn trẻ, tôi thường nghe đài).
2.13. While: trong khi (= whereas)
Ví dụ: While I am doing housework, my roommate is playing guitar.
(Trong khi tôi đang làm việc nhà thì bạn cùng phòng của tôi chơi ghi-ta).
2.14. In case/ In the event that: trong trường hợp/ phòng khi
Ví dụ: In case it will rain, please take an umbrella when you go out.
(Phòng khi trời mưa, vui long mang ô khi đi ra ngoài).
B. VÍ DỤ
Bài tập 1: Điền những từ sau vào chỗ trống thích hợp
Although | Until | While | Because | As long as | Even if | So that
1. She has decided to move to Portland ___________ there are more opportunities for employment in that city.
2. You can borrow my car _____________ you agree to be very careful with it.
3. Our neighbor is going to buy a gun __________ she can protect herself from intruders who break into her apartment.
4. ___________ he can save a lot of money by taking the bus, Russ still drives his car into the city every day.
5. Ronald is going to finish his homework ____________ it takes him all night.
6. My daughter can't wait _____________ she gets her new bike.
7. Stay in the car ____________ I go into the store. I'll be right back.
8. It's a good idea to go to college for four years ___________ it's possible to get a good job without a degree.
9. _______________ he's overweight, Tony eats a lot of food before he goes to bed. That's not healthy.
10. Tim's parents will let him have his own car ______________ he pays for his own insurance and doesn't get into any trouble with it.
Bài tập 2: Chọn đáp án đúng
1. ___ he worked hard all year long, he wasn’t able to buy his father an expensive gift.
a. Since
b. Because
c. Even though
2. ___ he didn’t have much money, he wasn’t able to buy his father an expensive gift.
a. Even though
b. Because
c. Although
3. ___ he didn’t have much money, he was still able to buy an expensive gift for his father.
a. Unless
b. Although
c. As long as
4. ___ he worked hard all year long and was able to earn a lot of money, he bought his father a very expensive gift.
a. Though
b. Although
c. Since
5. ___ spend a lot of money on a gift, he made a present for his father.
a. Before
b. Rather than
c. If only
6. ___ he buys his father an expensive gift, he won’t buy anything for himself.
a. While
b. Until
c. When
7. ___ he was shopping for an expensive gift for his father, he realized he didn’t have any money.
a. Even if
b. While
c. Unless
8. ___ he bought an expensive gift for his father, he felt tremendous joy.
a. When
b. Unless
c. Till
9. ___ he buys his father an expensive gift, he needs to make sure he has enough money.
a. After
b. Before
c. Unless
10.___________ Terry was talking on the phone and not paying attention, her kids were making a big mess in the kitchen.
a. Because
b. After
c. While
ĐÁP ÁN
Bài tập 1
1. Because
2. As long as
3. So that
4. Although
5. Even if
6. Until
7. While
8. Even if
9. Although
10.As long as
Bài tập 2
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. B
10.C
C. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
Bài 1: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi
1. Although Nam is not an intelligent student, he can learn very fast.
=> Despite/ In spite of______________________________________.
2. Because Hoa was rich, she could buy that house.
=> Because of______________________________________.
3. Because the rain was so heavy, I couldn't go to school.
=> Because of______________________________________.
4. His father asked him to go stay at home because he was sick.
=> Because of______________________________________.
5. Because there was an accident, I waslate.
=> Because of______________________________________.
6. She failed the University entrance exam because her grades were bad.
=> Because of______________________________________________.
7. Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
=> Despite__________________________________________________________.
8. Because of the cheap price, my wife insists on buying theTivi.
=> Because______________________________________.
9. Although it was raining heavily, we still went toschool.
=> Despite/ In spite of______________________________________.
10. Because I studied hard, I passed the exam.
=> Because of____________________________________________.
ĐÁP ÁN
1. Despite/ In spite of not being an intelligent student, he can learn very fast.
2. Because of Hoa’s richness, she could buy that house.
3. Because of the heavy rain, I couldn't go to school.
4. Because of his sickness his father asked him to go stay at home.
5. Because of an accident, I was late.
6. She failed the University entrance exam because of her bad grades.
7. Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
8. Because the price is cheap, my wife insists on buying the Tivi.
9. Despite/In spite of the heavy rain, we still went to school.
10. Because of studying hard, I passed the exam.
Bài 2: Bài tập thực hành chuyển đổi because / because of / although / in spite of / despite …
1. Although she was ill, she went to school.
- In spite of....................................................................................................................................
2. He didn’t come because he was sick.
- He didn’t come because of.........................................................................................................
3. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry.
- Despite........................................................................................................................................
4. The train was late because the fog was thick.
- Because of..................................................................................................................................
5. I accepted the job although the salary was low.
- In spite of....................................................................................................................................
6. The plane couldn’t take off because the weather was bad.
- Because of..................................................................................................................................
7. She stayed at home because her mother was sick.
- Because of..................................................................................................................................
8. He didn’t leave school even though his family was poor.
- Despite........................................................................................................................................
9. All the teachers love him because his conduct is good.
- Because of..................................................................................................................................
10. The flight was not delayed though it was foggy.
- Despite........................................................................................................................................
11. We couldn’t study because it was noisy.
- Because of..................................................................................................................................
12. Even though it was cold, I went swimming.
- In spite of....................................................................................................................................
13. These students didn’t arrive late although there was the traffic jam.
- Despite........................................................................................................................................
14. Mary can’t sleep because there was the noise.
- Because of..................................................................................................................................
15. She didn’t get ill though she worked very hard.
- In spite of.............................................................................................................................
ĐÁP ÁN
1 - In spite of her illness, she went to school.
2 - He didn’t come because of his sickness.
3 - Despite her hungriness/ hunger, she didn’t eat much.
4 - Because of the thick fog, the train was late
5 - In spite of the low salary, I accepted the job.
6 - Because of the bad weather, the plane couldn’t take off.
7 - Because of her sick mother / her mother’s sickness, she stayed at home.
8 - Despite his poor family, he didn’t leave school.
9 - Because of his good conduct, all the teachers love him.
10 - Despite the fog, the flight was not delayed.
11 - Because of the noise, we couldn’t study.
12 - In spite of the cold weather / the cold, I went swimming.
13 - Despite the traffic jam, these students didn’t arrive late
14 - Because of the noise, Mary can’t sleep.
15 - In spite of working very hard, she didn’t get ill.
Bài 3: Complete these sentences. Each time use Although + a sentences from the table
I didn’t speak the language
He had promised to be on time
I had never seen him before
She smokes 40 cigarettes a day
It was quite cold
It rained a lot
He has a very responsible job
I had all the necessary qualifications
We don’t like her very much
The traffic was bad
1) Although……………………., he isn’t particularly well-paid.
2) ………………………………., I recognised him from a photograph.
3) I didn’t wear a coat……………………………………….
4) We thought we’d better invite her to the party………………………….
5) ………………………………, I managed to make myself understood.
6) He was late……………………………….
7) ………………………………, she is quite fit.
8) ………………………………., we enjoyed our holiday.
9) I didn’t get the job……………………………….
10) ……………………………….., I arrived on time.
ĐÁP ÁN
1) Although he has a very responsible job
2) Although I had never seen him before
3) although it was quite cold
4) although we don’t like her very much
5) Although I didn’t speak the language
6) although he had promised to be on time
7) Although she smokes 40 cigarettes a day
8) Although it rained a lot
9) although I had all the necessary qualifications
10) Although the traffic was bad
Bài 4: Complete these sentences with although or in spite of
1) ……………..all my careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
2) ……………..I had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3) I love music………………..I can’t play a musical instrument.
4) ……………..being very tired, we carried on walking.
5) The heating was on, but…………….this the house was still cold.
6) Keith decided to give up his job……………….I advised him not to.
7) I couldn’t sleep………….I was tired.
8) ………..it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
9) I didn’t get the job……………..my qualifications.
10) …………..what I said last night, I still love you.
ĐÁP ÁN
1) In spite of 2) Although 3) although 4) In spite of 5) in spite of
6) although 7) although 8) Although 9) in spite of 10) In spite of
Bài 5: Choose the correct answer
1) …………..the bad weather, we went on a school picnic.
A. Although B. Despite C. In spite
2) ………….his illness, Tom went to school because he had an important exam.
A. In spite of B. Although C. But
3) ……………she was very busy, my mother cooked a great meal for us.
A. Despite B. In spite of C. Although
4) I still got a low grade……………I studied for my Math test.
A. although B. despite C. in spite of
5) I have so many cavities………….I brush my teeth regularly.
A. in spite of B. even though C. despite
6) ……………….the heavy fog, we managed to get to the meeting on time.
A. But B. Although C. In spite of
7) ……………….we played well, we couldn’t win the game.
A. Although B. Even though C. A&B
8) She still loves her husband……………….they broke up.
A. even though B. in spite of C. despite
9) The elevator was out of order so I had to use the stairs……………..being exhausted.
A. in spite B. despite C. A&B
10) I’m not going to eat fast food…………..I’m starving.
A. although B. because C. even
ĐÁP ÁN
1) B 2) A 3) C 4) A 5) B
6) C 7) C 8) A 9) B 10) A
Bài 6: Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use the words in brackets
1) I couldn’t sleep although I was tired. (despite)
2) Although he’s got an English name, he is in fact German. (despite)
3) In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the village. (although)
4) I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. (in spite of)
5) We lost the match although we were the better team. (despite)
6) In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn’t feel hungry. (although)
7) I’m not tired in spite of working hard all day. (although)
8) She is quite fat although she plays sport everyday. (despite / the fact)
9) Although I see him every morning, I’ve never spoken to him. (in spite of)
10) It’s quite warm although it’s a bit windy. (despite)
ĐÁP ÁN
1) I couldn’t sleep despite being tired.
2) Despite his English name, he is in fact German.
3) Although she had an injured foot, she managed to walk to the village.
4) I decided to accept the job in spite of the low salary.
5) We lost the match despite being the better team.
6) Although I hadn’t eaten for 24 hours, I didn’t feel hungry.
7) I’m not tired although I work all day.
8) Despite the fact that she plays sports everyday, she is quite fat.
9) In spite of seeing him every morning, I’ve never spoken to him.
10) It’s quite warm despite being a bit windy.
Bài 7: Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.
1. You must try a bit harder or you won't pass the exam.
You won't pass ..................................
2. Listen carefully or you won't know what to do.
You won't know what to do ............................
3. She must apologise to me or I'll never speak to her again.
......................................................
4. You have to speak very slowly or he won't be able to understand you.
......................................................
5. Business must improve soon, or the company will have to close.
......................................................
ĐÁP ÁN
1. You won't pass the exam unless you try a bit harder.
2. You won't know what to do unless you listen carefully.
3. I'll never speak to her again unless she apologize to me.
4. He won't be able to understand you unless you speak very slowly.
5. The company will have to close unless business improves soon.
Bài 8: Write sentences with unless.
1. The club isn't open to everyone. You are allowed in only if you're a member.
You aren't allowed .....................
2. I don't want to go to the party alone. I'm going only if you go too.
I'm not going .........................................
3. Don't worry about the dog. It will attack you only if you move suddenly.
The dog ...............................................
4. Ben isn't very talkative. He'll speak to you only if you ask him something.
Ben ...................................................
5. Today is a public holiday. The doctor will see you only if it's an emergency.
The doctor.............................................
ĐÁP ÁN
1. You aren't allowed in the club unless you're a member.
2. I'm not going unless you go too.
3. The dog won't attack you unless you move suddenly.
4. Ben won't speak to you unless you ask him something.
5. The doctor won't see you unless it's an emergency.
Bài 9: Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
1. We'll be late unless we get a taxi.
2. I like hot weather as long as ...................................
3. It takes Kate about 20 minutes to drive to work provided ........
4. I don't mind walking home as long as ............................
5. I like to walk to work in the morning unless ...................
6. We can meet tomorrow unless .....................................
7. You can borrow the money providing ..............................
8. You won't achieve anything unless ...............................
ĐÁP ÁN
Câu trả lời gợi ý
2. it's not too hot
3. there isn't too much traffic
4. it isn't raining
5. I'm in a hungry
6. you have something else to do
7. you pay it back next week
8. you take risks
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