SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION - VIẾT LẠI CÂU
PHẦN A: LÝ THUYẾT
I. Introduction: Trong tiếng Anh, cũng như nhiều ngôn ngữ khác, ta có thể dùng nhiều cấu trúc lời nói khác nhau để diễn đạt cùng một ý, hay một lời nói. Nói cách khác một câu nói không đơn thuần chỉ có ý nghĩa duy nhất theo một cấu trúc ngữ pháp, mà câu nói ấy có thể được truyền tải theo một hình thức cấu trúc ngữ pháp khác nào đó mà vẫn giữ nguyên được nghĩa gốc của nó. Hình thức viết lại câu (sentence transformation) chính là hình thức viết lại một câu cho trước bằng một cấu trúc mới nhưng không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa ban đầu của câu ấy. Ví dụ như:
Câu gốc: He has lived here since 1990. (the present perfect tense)
Câu viết lại: He moved here in 1990. (the simple past tense)
Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng thì của động từ, động từ thay thế và trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
Câu gốc: We can find him nowhere. (affirmative sentence)
Câu viết lại: Nowhere can we find him. (inversion sentence)
Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng hình thức đảo ngữ (inversion) để nhấn mạnh.
Câu gốc: She is the most intelligent student in my class. (superlative degree) Câu viết lại: No one in my class is as intelligent as she is. (negative positive degree) → Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng các hình thức so sánh với một tính từ.
Câu gốc: “Don’t touch the wire, boys!” said Mr. Hung. (direct speech)
Câu viết lại: Mr. Hung told the boys not to touch the wire. (indirect speech)
Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng cách chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp.
II. Some transformative forms: Vài hình thức biến đổi câu trong tiếng Anh được miêu tả như sau:
Tense sentence transformation: Chuyển đổi câu qua chuyển đổi thì của động từ:
e.g. a.We started working here three years ago.
- We have worked here for three years.
b.This is the first time I have been on a plane.
- I have never been on a plane before.
c.That’s strange! My pen isn’t here!
- That’s strange! My pen has disappeared!
d.Nicky and Jan aren’t at this school any more.
- Nicky and Jan have left this school.
Transformations using comparisons: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng các hình thức so sánh.
e.g. a.She is taller than I am.
- I am not as tall as she is.
b.He worked harder than his friends.
- His friends did not work as hard as he did.
c.This is the best film I have ever seen.
- I have never seen a better film than this one.
d.She is the most kind-hearted woman among the ones you met.
- No one among those you met is as kind-hearted as her.
Transformations using inversions: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng các hình thức đảo ngữ.
e.g. a.She can hardly understand what the teacher is saying.
- Hardly can she understand what the teacher is saying.
b.Although he worked hard, he couldn’t feed the family.
- Hard as he worked, he couldn’t feed the family.
c.They could not find the man anywhere.
- Nowhere could they find the man.
d.She rarely eats out.
- Rarely does she eat out.
Transformations using the passive voice: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng câu bị động.
e.g. a.She can make a decision soon.
- A decision can be made soon by her.
b.Their car was stolen long ago.
- Someone stole their car long ago.
c.They will build a new school here.
- A new school will be built here.
d. She had her friends translated the message.
- She had the message translated by her friends.
5. Transformations using the indirect speech: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng câu gián tiếp. g. a.“Go out, boys!” said the mother.
→ The mother told her sons to go out.
b.“Would you like a cigar, Peter?” said Mike.
→ Mike invited Peter a cigar.
c.“Do you live here?” said the stranger.
→ The stranger asked if I lived there.
d.The man said, “what do you do for a living, Nam?” → The man wanted to know what Nam did for a living.
- Transformations using conditional sentences: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng câu điều kiện.
e.g. a.If you don’t study hard, you will fail the final exam.
- Unless you study hard, you will fail the final exam.
b.The test was too difficult for him to do well.
- He could do well if the test were not difficult.
c.He isn’t here to help me.
- If he were here, he could help me.
d.I did not know the answer to tell him.
- I would have told him if I had known the answer.
Transformations using other structures: Chuyển đổi câu sử dụng các mẫu câu khác.
e.g. a.Mr. Ba is living next door. He teaches me English. (relative clause)
→ Mr. Ba, who teaches me English, is living next door.
b.Although it rained heavily, we arrived on time. (clause of concession)
→ Despite the heavy rain, we arrived on time.
c.He came early so that he could get a good seat. (clause of purpose)
→ He came early to get a good seat.
d.The test was too difficult for them to do well.
→ The test was not easy enough for them to do well. (cause & effect)
PHẦN B: BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money.
If it ____________________________________________________.
He hasn´t eaten this kind of food since 1991.
He last _______________________________________________.
I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
Hardly ________________________________________________.
Nick joined a golf club a year ago.
Nick has been _________________________________________.
While I strongly disapprove of your behavior, I will help you this time.
Despite my ____________________________________________.
This will be my first visit to Brazil.
I’ve never _____________________________________________.
7.I’m sorry I missed your lecture.
I’m sorry not _________________________________________.
8.I joined a yoga club six months ago.
I have been ___________________________________________.
9.We may not be able to give the concert.
The concert __________________________________________.
10.This will be her first time in Spain.
She has not ___________________________________________.
11.I was not surprised to hear that he had failed his driving test
It came ________________________________________________.
12.When did he start work?
How long is ___________________________________________?
13.I only recognized him when he came into the light.
Not until ______________________________________________.
14.Our meeting is tomorrow.
We will ________________________________________________.
15.That rumor about the politician and the construction contract is absolutely false.
There is _______________________________________________.
16.David went home before we arrived.
When we ______________________________________________.
17.One runner was too exhausted to complete the last lap of the race.
One runner was so ___________________________________.
18.How long ago did you buy your car?
How long _____________________________________________?
My mother was the most warm-hearted person I’ve ever known.
I’ve ___________________________________________________.
20.I’ve only recently started wearing glasses.
I didn’t _______________________________________________.
Exercise 2: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
He bought his computer one year ago.
He has _________________________________________________.
They never made us do anything we didn’t want to do.
We were _______________________________________________.
They started playing tennis three months ago.
They have ______________________________________________.
The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the man.
Had it not ______________________________________________.
They had not been to South Korea before.
It is the ________________________________________________.
It is quite pointless to complain.
There’s no______________________________________________.
I haven’t been to the beach for a long time.
It’s a ____________________________________________________.
The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer.
Only after ______________________________________________.
He had not been to ballet classes before.
It was the ______________________________________________.
He was sentenced to six months in prison for his part in the robbery.
He received a __________________________________________.
I have never watched such a boring film.
It’s the most ___________________________________________.
You can eat as much as you like for $5 at the new lunch-bar.
There is no _____________________________________________.
My parents haven’t reached London yet.
My parents still haven’t _______________________________.
She wore a hearing-aid, even though she could hear the phone ring perfectly well.
She wasn’t so __________________________________________.
I haven’t had a Chinese meal for ages.
It’s ages ________________________________________________.
You will never meet anyone more generous than Mrs. Hoa.
Hoa is ____________________________________________.
She’s been living in this village since 2009.
She moved ______________________________________________.
My parents let me go abroad alone for the first time last year.
I was _____________________________________________________.
I last travelled to Mui Ne in January.
I haven’t ________________________________________________.
It was his incompetence which led to their capture.
If he _____________________________________________________.
Exercise 3: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
I’m certainly not going to give you any more money.
I have no __________________________________________________.
Charles has never had a tablet before.
This is the ________________________________________________.
Our hotel booking hasn’t been confirmed.
We haven’t received _____________________________________.
They moved to this village five months ago.
They has been ____________________________________________.
The sales man told me that my new car would be delivered next Wednesday.
According ________________________________________________.
It’s a long time since we went out.
We haven’t _______________________________________________.
The Yeti has very rarely been seen at this altitude.
There have _______________________________________________.
She started cooking as soon as her husband (had) left home.
She started _______________________________________________.
It’s not certain that Jones will get the job.
It is open _________________________________________________.
I met my husband in 2001.
I have _____________________________________________________.
Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made.
No sooner ________________________________________________.
When you phoned me, it was my lunchtime.
When you phoned me, I _________________________________.
As I get older, I want to travel less.
The older _________________________________________________.
We started working here three years ago.
We have __________________________________________________.
A house in that district will cost you at least a million dollars.
You won’t be able _______________________________________.
My mother has been studying English for 15 days.
My mother started ______________________________________.
Alan worked too hard at the office, and this led to his illness.
Alan’s illness ____________________________________________
Hurry up! We’ll get to the theatre after the beginning of the play.
By the time we get ______________________________________.
Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test.
As long as ________________________________________________.
This is the first time I have been on a plane.
I have _____________________________________________________.
Exercise 4: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
She has never had a smartphone before.
This is ____________________________________________________.
Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill.
No sooner ________________________________________________.
We haven’t been to the theatre for a long time.
It’s a long _________________________________________________.
The protest has been so vociferous that the committee has had to reconsider.
There has been ___________________________________________.
I haven’t been to the football match for three years.
The last time ______________________________________________.
You think that fat people are always jolly but you are wrong.
Contrary __________________________________________________.
He has never eaten this kind of food before.
It’s the first time _________________________________________.
My boss works better when he’s pressed for time.
The less ___________________________________________________.
They got married ten years ago.
They have ________________________________________________.
The patient recovered more rapidly than expected.
The patient made ________________________________________.
There’s a party at Mary’s house next week.
Next week ________________________________________________.
There isn’t a pair of thermal socks left in the shop, Madam.
We are completely _______________________________________.
I started working for this company three years ago.
I’ve been __________________________________________________.
Their chances of success are small.
It is not ___________________________________________________.
I became head of the university four years ago.
I have _____________________________________________________.
The rail workers do not intend to call off their strike.
The rail workers have no _______________________________.
The arrival time of Helen’s flight is 8.00.
Helen’s flight will ________________________________________.
Mrs. Scott is proud of her cooking.
Scott prides ________________________________________.
Oh no! My wallet is missing.
Oh no! I have _____________________________________________.
It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us.
If it hadn’t ________________________________________________.
Exercise 5: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
They are big, they fall fast.
I look into your eyes much, I love you much
She is mature, she becomes beautiful.
He drinks much water, he becomes thirsty.
You speak English much, your English will be good.
People save much paper, much wood pulp is preserved.
You make much money, you spend much.
Means of transport are cheap, they become popular.
We leave early, we will arrive soon.
You are young, you learn easily.
She is older, she becomes more beautiful.
I waited long. I got angry.
The sun is high, the shadow is low.
I know a lot, I forget much.
I forget much , I know little.
Susan isn’t as good at chemistry as Sarah.
Sarah is_________________________________________________________.
No one in the group is younger than he.
He is the________________________________________________________.
Stone isn’t as hard as iron.
Iron is__________________________________________________________.
Tom is the best football player in the team.
No one in the team is__________________________________________.
I don’t play the guitar as well as he does
He plays_______________________________________________________.
Exercise 6: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
My house is bigger than your house.
Your house is___________________________________________________.
The black car is cheaper than the red car.
The red car____________________________________________________.
This film is more interesting than that one.
That film is____________________________________________________.
My kitchen is smaller than yours.
Your kitchen___________________________________________________.
My grandmother is older than everyone in my family.
My grandmother is the_______________________________________.
No one in my class is as tall as Tam.
Tam is the_____________________________________________________.
I can’t cook as well as my mother.
My mother can cook_________________________________________.
He does not play tennis as well as Jack.
Jack can______________________________________________________.
I did not spend as much money as you.
You spent_____________________________________________________.
I don’t think this book is as expensive as it is.
This book is___________________________________________________.
He is the tallest boy in his class.
No one in_____________________________________________________.
This is the most interesting film of all.
No other films are__________________________________________.
No cars in the world are more expensive than Japanese ones.
Japanese cars_______________________________________________.
This exercise is easier than that one.
That exercise is not_________________________________________.
He drives more carefully than Jack does.
No one in the group plays better than he.
He can______________________________________________________.
No hotel in the city is as comfortable as this.
This hotel is the____________________________________________.
Other oceans in the world aren’t as large as the Pacific one.
The Pacific Ocean is_______________________________________.
They travel a lot. They know much about the world.
The more___________________________________________________.
He practices hard. He performs well.
The harder_________________________________________________.
Exercise 7: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
My sister is taller than any other student in the class.
My sister is the_____________________________________________.
No other cities in Vietnam is as large as Ho Chi Minh city.
Ho Chi Minh city___________________________________________.
This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever heard.
This is the___________________________________________________.
My father can’t cook as well as my mother does.
My mother cooks___________________________________________.
My brother is shorter than any other student in the class.
My brother is the__________________________________________.
Daisy writes slowly. She makes a few mistakes.
That writer wrote many stories. She became famous.
She started later. She got much into traffic jam.
I am as tall as Tam.
Tam and I are the__________________________________________.
He knows more than I do.
I don’t_______________________________________________________.
Taking by taxis is more quickly than taking by bus.
Taking by bus isn’t_________________________________________.
Linh is a better cook than Hoa.
Hoa can’t___________________________________________________.
Apples are usually cheaper than oranges.
Apple are not_______________________________________________.
The bus takes longer than the train.
The train___________________________________________________.
I can’t cook as well as my mother does.
My mother_________________________________________________.
He is the most punctual person she has ever met.
She has_____________________________________________________.
That is the most interesting book they have ever had.
They have__________________________________________________.
We have never eaten a more delicious dish than this one.
___________________________________________________________.
Jimmy has never been in a more difficult situation than this.
This is_______________________________________________________.
Dick seems to spend more when he earns more.
The more____________________________________________________.
Exercise 8: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
“Where is the station car park?” Mrs. Smith asked.
Smith asked ___________________________________________________.
Miss Taylor doesn’t like living in such a small house.
Miss Taylor wishes
He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train.
If
The fire has destroyed many houses.
Many houses
I have studied English for 3 years.
I began
They are building a new school in that village.
A new school
Unless you water those flowers regularly, they will wither.
If you
The driver said; “Don’t get off the bus while it’s moving!”
The driver asked the passengers
The robbers made the bank manager hand over the money.
The bank manager
“Why don’t you put a better lock on the door, Barry?” said John.
John suggested
I haven’t eaten this kind of food before.
This is the
“Can I borrow your bicycle?” asked Peter.
Peter asked if
We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money.
If it
I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
Hardly
It was Walter Raleigh who introduced potatoes and tobacco into England.
The English owe
I only made that terrible mistake because I wasn’t thinking.
If I
While I strongly disapprove of your behavior, I will help you this time.
Despite my
I’m sorry I missed Professor Baker’s lecture.
I’m sorry not
We may not be able to give the concert.
The concert
I was not surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test.
It came
Exercise 9: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
We had planned to visit grandmother, so we left early in the morning.
We were
Someone rang the alarm as soon as the burglars left the building.
No sooner
As television program become more popular, they seem to get worse.
The more
“I think the whole idea’s ridiculous,” he said.
He dismissed
The authorities will prosecute anyone they find trespassing on this land.
Anyone found
I prefer going out for a meal to staying at home.
I’d rather
It would have been a super weekend if it hadn’t been for the weather.
But
She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her.
Hardly
It was a bit difficult to get into work this morning.
Getting
“Nothing will persuade me to sleep in that haunted house,” she said.
She flatly
He knows really everything there is to know about whales.
There’s
If we can solve the problem soon, it will be better for an concerned.
The sooner
The demand was so great that they had to reprint the book immediately.
So
I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather.
They can’t
“I didn’t steal the car,” he said, “I just borrowed it”.
He denied
It wasn’t necessary for them to call for help after all.
They
17. When the police caught him, he was climbing over the garden wall.
The police caught
18. It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down this year.
Sad
19. It is believed that the man escaped in a stolen car.
The man is
21. Since we had nothing else to do, we decided to go for a walk.
Having
Exercise 10: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs. Jones.
Nowhere
No one has challenged his authority before.
This is the first time
“If Brian doesn’t train harder, I won’t select him for the team,” said the manager.
The manager threatened
The hurricane blew the roof off the house.
The house
You’ll certainly meet lots of people in your new job.
You are
I left without saying goodbye as I didn’t want to disturb the meeting.
Rather
There aren’t many other books which explain this problem so well.
In few other books
I dislike it when people criticize me unfairly.
I object
Robert is sorry now that he didn’t accept the job.
Robert now wishes
The film star wore dark glasses so that no one would recognize him.
The film star avoided
I am amazed by the mistakes he makes.
What
We weren’t surprised by his success.
It came
“That’s a lovely new dress, Jean” said her mother.
Jean’s mother complimented
We couldn’t relax until all the guests had gone home.
Only
We couldn’t find George anywhere.
George was
Customs officials are stopping more travellers than usual this week.
An increased
She listens more sympathetically than anyone else I know.
She is a
You’re under no obligation to accept their offer.
You can please
Martin may not be very well but he still manages to enjoy life.
Martin’s poor
The company presents a gold watch to each of its retiring employees.
Each
Exercise 11: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
The only thing that kept us out of prison was the way he spoke the local dialect.
But for his command
The Pacific Ocean is on average deeper than the Atlantic.
The average
My father finds maps hard to follow.
My father has
Under no circumstances should you phone the police.
The last
House prices have risen dramatically this year.
There has
This affair does not concern you.
This affair is no
You must submit articles for the magazine by June 18th.
The final date
Although Jimmy was the stronger of the two, his attacker soon overpowered him.
Despite his
What a surprise to see you here!
Fancy
I don’t intend to apologize to either of them.
I have
It was only when I left home that I realized how much my father meant to me.
Not until
The rail workers do not intend to call off their strike.
The rail workers have no
Mrs. Scott is proud of her cooking.
Scott prides ___________________________________________________.
It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us.
If it hadn’t
It wasn’t a bit surprised to hear that Karen had changed her job.
It came
John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing.
Not until
I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements.
Much
It’s thought that the accident was caused by human error.
The accident
Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test.
As long as
Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill.
No sooner
Exercise 12: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
John inflated the tyres of his bicycle. (blew)
→ John ___________________ of his bicycle.
We’d better leave them a note, because it’s possible they’ll arrive later. (case)
→ We’d better ___________________ they arrive later.
Before he came here he worked for Mr. Smith. (previous)
→ Before the came here, his ___________________ was Mr. Smith.
He speaks German extremely well (command)
→ He ___________________ German.
His criticisms are quite unfair. (justificatn)
→ There is no ___________________ his criticisms.
I can’t understand why they are reluctant to sign the contract (baffled)
→ I ___________________ their reluctance to sign the contract.
I always find chess problems like that quite impossible. (defeat)
→ Chess problems like that ___________________ me!
This must be kept secret. (know)
→ You mustn’t ___________________ this.
I can’t afford a new dress, that old blue one will have to do. (make)
→ I can’t afford a new dress. I’ll have ___________________ that old blue one.
You can’t possibly expect me to have supper ready by 8 o’clock. (question)
→ There is ___________________ by 8 o’clock.
It is my opinion that there is no advantage in further discussion. (see)
→ As far ___________________, there is no advantage in further discussion.
Please excuse Jane’s poor typing. She’s only been learning for a month. (allowances)
→Please ___________________ only been learning for a month.
There is no way that young man can achieve success in this test. (bound)
→That young ___________________ this test.
Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous. (contrary)
→___________________ appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous.
He wasn’t to blame for the accident. (fault)
→The accident was
This hotel is inaccessible in winter. (possible)
→It’s not ___________________ this hotel in winter.
As far as I know he is still working in Bristol. (knowledge).
→To ___________________, he is still working in Bristol.
I don’t think there will be any applicants for this post. (likelihood)
→There ___________________ that there will be applicants for this post.
It was difficult for Susan to believe the good news (hardly)
→Susan could ___________________ good news.
You must make allowances for his inexperience. (account)
→You must
Exercise 13: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
This contract is not binding until we both sign it. (bound)
Neither (one) of us ____________________ contract until we both sign it.
You shouldn’t take his help for granted. (assume)
You should/do not ____________________ will help you.
Nobody is infallible. (mistakes)
We all
The last Olympic Games were held in Seoul. (took)
The last Olympic Games ____________________ in Seoul.
He talked about nothing except the weather (sole)
His ____________________ conversation was the weather.
In the end, I felt I had been right to leave the club. (regrets)
I had no ____________________ leaving the club in the end.
It is stupid of you to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan. (idiot)
You are ____________________ Richard’s offer of a loan.
The company has decided to replace this model. (intention)
It’s the company’s ____________________ this model.
Their problems are all self-inflicted. (making)
Their problems are all
If you take that job, you’ll have to get up at 6a.m every morning. (mean)
Taking that job ____________________ have to get up at 6a.m every morning.
The only thing they could do was to look for a new flat. (alternative)
They had ____________________ but to look for a new flat.
His last letter to me was written three years ago. (heard)
I haven’t ____________________ for 3 years.
If only one could rely on what she says. (pity)
It’s ____________________ we cannot rely on what she says.
An open fire can’t be compared to central heating. (comparison)
There is no ____________________ an open fire and central heating.
I remember very few things about my childhood. (scarcely)
I can ____________________ about my childhood.
Some people say that Tsiolkovsky invented the space rocket. (credited)
Tsiolkovsky is ____________________ the invention of the space rocket.
I daren’t turn on the TV because the baby might wake up. (fear)
I daren’t turn on the TV ____________________ waking up the baby.
Some people will do anything to lose weight. (lengths)
Some people will ____________________ to lose weight.
The two theories appear to be completely different. (common)
The 2 theories ____________________.
The river Volta overflowed last year. (burst)
The river Volta ____________________ last year.
Exercise 14: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
1. He doesn’t appreciate his wife. (granted)
He takes
2. The number of people out of work has been going down little by little. (gradual)
There has been ____________________ in the number of people out of work.
William decided that an actor’s life was not for him. (cut)
William (decided that he) was not ____________________ an actor.
My cat has lost its appetite. (off)
My cat has ____________________ its food.
The children made every effort to please their father (best)
The children ____________________ please their father.
His behavior was rather a shock to me. (aback)
His behavior
The bank robbers escaped in a stolen car. (getaway)
The bank robbers made ____________________ stolen car.
People don’t want to buy cars with large engines any more. (call)
There isn’t much ____________________ large engines.
The prime Minister is unlikely to call an early general election. (likelihood)
There ____________________ the PM calling a(n) (early general) election.
Nobody could possibly believe the story he told us (beyond)
The story he ____________________
The project received the unanimous approval of the committee. (favour)
The whole committee ____________________ the project.
Scientists say forests are being destroyed by air pollution. (blame)
Scientists ____________________ the destruction of the forests.
His reactions are quite unpredictable (knows)
One never ____________________ going to/will/may/might react.
The minister’s popularity suffered as a result of the scandal. (effect)
The scandal ____________________.
The teachers agreed to introduce the new methods. (agreement)
There was ____________________ the teachers to introduce new methods.
Jenny didn’t feel like going to the party. (mood)
Jenny wasn’t ____________________ to the party/for (going to) the party.
The councilor answered every question frankly. (frank)
The councilor ____________________ every question.
It is said that he has been to prison several times (reputed)
He is ____________________ been (sent) to prison.
Most stores will accept a credit card instead of cash. (alternative)
Most stores will accept a credit card ____________________ cash.
Our opinions on the subject are identical. (difference)
There is no ____________________ our opinions on the subject.
Exercise 15: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme. (disapproval)
Local residents expressed their ____________________ traffic scheme.
If interest rates are cut, the economic situation may improve. (reduction)
A ____________________ rates may improve the economic situation.
The architect’s new design was heavily criticized. (criticism)
There ____________________ the architect’s new design.
Very little money was raised by the charity appeal. (response)
There was very ____________________ the charity appeal.
Ours is the only company allowed to import these chemicals. (monopoly)
Our company has got ____________________ the importation of these chemicals.
The coach’s tactics were directly responsible for the team’s defeat. (consequence)
The team’s defeat was a ____________________ the coach’s tactics.
We have no idea where he is. (whereabouts)
We don’t know ____________________.
The policeman acted quickly and averted an accident. (prompt)
The ____________________ the policeman averted an accident.
This new record is certain to sell a lot of copies. (doubt)
There ____________________ this new record will sell a lot of copies.
I want to be left alone (disturbed)
I don’t want ____________________.
He took the company to court on the grounds of unfair dismissal. (unfairly)
He took the company ____________________.
We’re likely to be a little late, I’m afraid. (every)
There’s ____________________ that we’ll be late.
The Committee said they liked the first proposal best. (preference)
The committee ____________________ the first proposal.
I really must answer all these letters. (get down)
I really must ____________________ all these letters.
It’s not your fault. (blame)
You ____________________
People seem to be criticizing the police quite a lot nowadays. (criticism)
There’s quite a lot ____________________ at the police nowadays.
In a nutshell, the man’s an idiot. (bluntly)
Quite ____________________ an idiot.
I’m dying to meet them. (wait)
I (just) can’t ____________________ them.
They lay on the beach the whole week sunbathing. (spent)
They ____________________ on the beach sunbathing.
I seriously doubt whether this will work. (doubts)
I have serious ____________________ this will work.
ĐÁP ÁN
Exercise 1: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ If it hadn’t been for my father’s money, we couldn’t have managed.
→ He last ate this kind of food in 1991.
→ Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back.
→ Nick has been a member of a golf club for a year.
→ Despite my strong disapproval of your behavior, I will help you this time.
→ I’ve never been to Brazil before.
→ I’m sorry not to have heard/attended your lecture.
→ I have been a member of the yoga club for six months now.
→ The concert may have to be cancelled.
→ She has not been to Spain before.
→ It came as no surprise to me that he had failed his driving test.
→ How long is it since he started work?
→ Not until he came into the light did I recognize him.
→ We will have a meeting tomorrow.
→ There is no truth in that rumour about the politician and the construction contract.
→ When we arrived, David had gone home.
→ One runner was so exhausted that he couldn’t complete the last lap of the race.
→ How long have you had your car?
→ I’ve never known a more warm-hearted person than my mother
→ I didn’t use to wear glasses until recently.
Exercise 2: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ He has had his computer for one year
→ We were never made to do anything we didn’t want to.
→ They have played /been playing tennis for three months.
→ Had it not been for the death of the man the bill would have been passed.
→ It is the first time they had been to South Korea.
→ There’s no point in complaining.
→ It’s a long time since I went to the beach.
→ Only after a new pay offer did the workers call off the strike.
→ It was the first time he had been to ballet classes.
→ He received a sentence of six months for his part in the robbery.
→ It’s the most boring film I have ever watched.
→ There is no limit/restriction to how much you eat at the new lunch-bar.
→ My parents still haven’t reached London.
→ She wasn’t so deaf that she couldn’t hear the phone.
→ It’s ages since I had a Chinese meal.
→ Mrs. Hoa is the most generous person you will/could ever meet.
→ She moved to this village in 2009.
→ I was allowed to go abroad alone for the first time last year.
→ I haven’t been to Mui Ne since January.
→ If he hadn’t been so incompetent they wouldn’t have been captured.
Exercise 3: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ I have no intention of giving you any more money.
→ This is the first time that Charles has had a tablet.
→ We haven’t received confirmation of/about our hotel booking (yet).
→ They has been in this village for five months.
→ According to the salesman my new car would be delivered next Wednesday.
→ We haven’t been out for a long time.
→ There have been very few sightings of the Yeti at this altitude.
→ She started cooking when her husband left.
→ It is open to question (as to) whether Jones will get the job.
→ I have known my husband since 2001.
→ No sooner had the announcement been made than everyone started complaining.
→ When you phoned me, I was having lunch.
→ The older I get, the less I want to travel.
→ We have worked here for three years.
→ You won’t be able to buy a house in that district for less than a million dollars.
→ My mother started studying English 15 days ago.
→ Alan’s illness was caused by the result of his working too hard at the office.
→ By the time we get to the theatre, the play will have begun.
→ As long as you keep calm, you will pass your driving test.
→ I have never been on a plane before.
Exercise 4: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ This is the first time that she has had a smartphone.
→ No sooner had he been appointed to the post than the new editor fell ill.
→ It’s a long time since we last went to the theatre.
→ There has been such a vociferous protest that the committee has had to reconsider.
→ The last time I went to a football match was three years ago.
→ Contrary to your belief/opinion, fat people are not always jolly.
→ It’s the first time he has ever eaten this kind of food.
→ The less time my boss has, the better he works.
→ They have been married for ten years.
→ The patient made a more rapid/a quicker/faster recovery than expected.
→ Next week Mary will give a party at her house.
→ We are completely (sold) out of thermal socks, Madam.
→ I’ve been working for this company for three years.
→ It is not (very) likely (that) they will succeed.
→ I have been head of the university for four years.
→ The rail workers have no intention of calling off their strike.
→ Helen’s flight will arrive at 8.00.
→ Mrs. Scott prides herself on her cooking/on being a good cook.
→ Oh no! I have lost my wallet.
→ If it hadn’t been for the goalkeeper we could/would have lost the match.
Exercise 5: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ The bigger they are, the faster they will fall.
→ The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you.
→ The more mature she is, the more beautiful she becomes.
→ The more water he drinks, the thirstier he becomes.
→ The more you speak English, the better you will be.
→ The more paper people save, the more wood pulp is preserved.
→ The more money you make, the more you spend.
→ The cheaper means of transport are, the more popular they become.
→ The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.
→ The younger you are, the earlier you learn.
→ The older she is, the more beautiful she becomes.
→ The longer I waited, the angrier I got.
→ The higher the sun is, the lower the shadow is.
→ The more I know, the more I forget.
→ The more I forget, the more I know.
→ Sarah is better at chemistry than Susan.
→ He is the youngest in the group.
→ Iron is harder than stone.
→ No one in the team is so good at football as Tom.
→ He plays the guitar better than I do.
Exercise 6: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ Your house is not as big as mine.
→ The red car is more expensive than the black one.
→ That film is not as interesting as this one.
→ Your kitchen is not as small as mine.
→ My grandmother is the oldest in my family.
→ Tam is the tallest in my class.
→ My mother can cook better than I do.
→ Jack can play tennis better than him.
→ You spent more money than I did.
→ This book is more expensive than I think.
→ No one in his class is as tall as him.
→ No other films are as interesting as this one.
→ Japanese cars are the most expensive of all (in the world).
→ That exercise is not as difficult as this one.
→ Jack doesn’t drives as carefully as him.
→ He can play the best in the group.
→ This hotel is the most comfortable in the city.
→ The Pacific Ocean is the largest one in the world.
→ The more they travel, the more they know about the world.
→ The harder he practices, the better he performs.
Exercise 7: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ My sister is the tallest in the class.
→ Ho Chi Minh city is the largest in Vietnam.
→ This is the most interesting story I have ever heard.
→ My mother cooks better than my father does.
→ My brother is the shortest in the class.
→ The more slowly Daisy writes, the fewer mistakes she makes.
→ The more stories the writer wrote, the more famous she became.
→ The later she started, the more she got into traffic jam.
→ Tam and I are the same height.
→ I don’t do as much as he knows.
→ Taking by bus isn’t as quickly as taking by taxi.
→ Hoa can’t cook as well as Linh.
→ Apple are not as expensive as oranges.
→ The train doesn’t take as long as the bus.
→ My mother can cook better than I do.
→ She has never met a more punctual than him.
→ They have never had a more interesting book than that.
→ This is the most delicious dish we have ever eaten.
→ This is the most difficult situation Jimmy has ever been in.
→ The more Dick earns, the more he seems to spend.
Exercise 8: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ Mrs. Smith asked where the station car park was.
→ Miss Taylor wishes she were living in such a small house.
→ If he had hurried, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
→ Many houses have been destroyed by the fire.
→ I began studying English 3 years ago.
→ A new school is going to be built in that village.
→ If you don’t water those flowers regularly, they will wither.
→ The driver asked the passengers not to get off the bus while it’s moving.
→ The bank manager was made to hand over the money.
→ John suggested Barry to put a better lock on the door.
→ This is the first time I have ever eaten this kind of food.
→ Peter asked if he could borrow my bicycle.
→ If it hadn’t been for my father’s money, we couldn’t have managed.
→ Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back.
→ The English owe the introduction of potatoes and tobacco to Walter Raleigh.
→ If I had (only) been thinking, I wouldn’t have made that terrible mistake.
→ Despite my strong disapproval of your behavior, I will help you this time.
→ I’m sorry not to have heard/attended Professor Baker’s lecture.
→ The concert may have to be cancelled.
→ It came as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test.
Exercise 9: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ We were planning to visit grandmother, so we left early in the morning.
→ No sooner had the burglars left the building than someone rang the alarm.
→ The more popular TV programs become, the worse they seem to get.
→ He dismissed the whole idea as (being) ridiculous.
→ Anyone found trespassing on this land will be prosecuted (by the authorities).
→ I’d rather go out for a meal than stay at home.
→ But for the weather, it would have been a super weekend.
→ Hardly had she begun to speak before/when people started interrupting her.
→ Getting into work this morning was a bit difficult.
→ She flatly refused to sleep in that haunted house.
→ There’s hardly anything he doesn’t know about whales.
→ The sooner we (can) solve the problem, the better it will be for all concerned.
→ So great was the demand that they had to reprint the book immediately.
→ They can’t (possibly) have been playing in this weather.
→ He denied having stolen the car but admitted borrowing/having borrowed it.
→ They didn’t have/need to call for help after all.
→ The police caught him (as he was) climbing over the garden wall.
→ Sad though/as it is, unemployment is unlikely to go down this year.
→ The man is believed to have escaped in a stolen car.
→ Having nothing else to do, we decided to go for a walk.
Exercise 10: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ Nowhere will you find a more dedicated worker than Mrs. Jones.
→ This is the first time (that) someone has challenged his authority.
→ The manager threatened not to select Brian if he didn’t train harder.
→ The house had its/the roof blown off by/in/during/because of the hurricane.
→ You are bound/sure/certain to meet lots of people.
→ Rather than disturb the meeting, I left without saying goodbye.
→ In few other books would one see this problem so well- explained.
→ I object to people criticizing me unfairly.
→ Robert now wishes (that) he had taken/accepted the job.
→ The film star avoided recognition/being recognized by wearing dark glasses.
→ What amazes me is/are the mistakes he makes.
→ It came as no surprise to us (to hear) (that) he was/had been successful.
→ Jean’s mother complimented Jean on her lovely new dress.
→ Only after/when all the guests had gone home/could we relax/were we able to relax.
→ George was nowhere to be found.
→ An increased number of travellers is/are being stopped by customs officials this week.
→ She is a more sympathetic listener than anyone else I know.
→ You can please yourself/yourselves about whether you accept their offer or not.
→ Martin’s poor health does not stop/prevent him from enjoying life.
→ Each of the company’s retiring employee is represented a gold watch.
Exercise 11: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ But for his command of (the) local dialect we would have been jailed/put into jail.
→ The average depth of the Pacific (Ocean) is greater than that of the Atlantic.
→ My father has difficulty/difficulties in following the maps.
→ The last thing you should/must/ought to do is to phone/phoning the police.
→ There has been a dramatic increase in (the) house prices this year.
→ This affair is no concern/business of yours.
→ The final date for you to submit articles for the magazine is June 18th.
→ Despite his (superior) strength Jimmy was (soon) overpowered by his attacke
→ Fancy seeing you here.
→ I have no intention of apologizing to either of them.
→ Not until (after) I (had) left home did I realize how much my father meant to me.
→ The rail workers have no intention of calling off their strike.
→ Mrs. Scott prides herself on her cooking/on being a good cook.
→ If it hadn’t been for the goalkeeper we could/would have lost the match.
→ It came as no surprise (to me) (to hear) that Karen had changed her job.
→ Not until John (had) received the offer of promotion in writing did he celebrate.
→ Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her.
→ The accident is thought/ believed to have been caused by human error.
→ As long as you (can) keep/stay calm, you will/should/ought to pass your driving test.
→ No sooner had he been/was he appointed to the post than the new editor fell ill.
Exercise 12: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ John blew up the tyres of his bicycle.
→ We’d better leave them a note in case they arrive later.
→ Before the came here, his previous boss/employer was Mr. Smith.
→ He has an excellent command of
→ There is no justification for his criticisms.
→ I am baffled by their reluctance to sign the contract.
→ Chess problems like that (always) defeat me!
→ You mustn’t let anyone (else) know
→ I can’t afford a new dress. I’ll have to make do with that old blue one.
→ There is no question of supper being ready by 8 o’clock.
→ As far as I can see, there is no advantage in further discussion.
→ Please make allowances for Jane’s poor typing; she’s only been learning for a month.
→ That young man is bound to fail in this test.
→ Contrary to (its) (harmless) appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous.
→ The accident was not his fault.
→ It’s not possible to reach this hotel in winter.
→ To (the best of) my knowledge, he is still working in Bristol.
→ There is little/no likelihood that there will be applicants for this post.
→ Susan could hardly believe the good news.
→ You must take his experience into account.
Exercise 13: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ Neither (one) of us is bound by this contract until we both sign it.
→ You should/do not assume (that) he will help you.
→ We all make mistakes.
→ The last Olympic Games took place in Seoul.
→ His sole topic of conversation was the weather.
→ I had no regrets about/on/over leaving the club in the end.
→ You are an idiot to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan.
→ It’s the company’s intention to replace this model.
→ Their problems are all of their own making.
→ Taking that job will mean (that) you’ll have to get up at 6a.m every morning.
→ They had no alternative but to look for a new flat.
→ I haven’t heard from him for 3 years.
→ It’s a pity (that) we cannot rely on what she says.
→ There is no comparison between an open fire and central heating.
→ I can scarcely remember anything about my childhood.
→ Tsiolkovsky is credited with the invention of the space rocket.
→ I daren’t turn on the TV for fear of waking up the baby.
→ Some people will do any/great lengths to lose weight.
→ The 2 theories have (got) nothing in common.
→ The river Volta burst its banks last year.
Exercise 14: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ He takes his wife for granted.
→ There has been a gradual decrease in the number of people out of work.
→ William (decided that he) was not cut out to be an actor.
→ My cat has gone/is off its food.
→ The children did/tried their best to please their father.
→ His behavior took me aback.
→ The bank robbers made their getaway in a stolen car.
→ There isn’t much call for cars with large engines.
→ There is little likelihood of the PM calling a(n) (early general) election.
→ The story he told us was beyond
→ The whole committee were in favour of the project.
→ Scientists blame our pollution for the destruction of the forests.
→ One never knows how he is going to/will/may/might react.
→ The scandal had a bad/negative effect.
→ There was an agreement among the teachers to introduce new methods.
→ Jenny wasn’t in the mood to go to the party/for (going to) the party.
→ The councilor gave frank answers to every question.
→ He is reputed to have been (sent) to prison.
→ Most stores will accept a credit card as an alternative to
→ There is no difference in/between our opinions on the subject.
Exercise 15: Finish each of the following sentences using a phrase including the given bold word in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
→ Local residents expressed their disapproval of the new traffic scheme.
→ A reduction of/in interest rates may improve the economic situation.
→ There was a heavy criticism of the architect’s new design.
→ There was very little response to the charity appeal.
→ Our company has got the monopoly of the importation of these chemicals.
→ The team’s defeat was a direct consequence of the coach’s tactics.
→ We don’t know his whereabouts.
→ The prompt action of the policeman averted an accident.
→ There is no doubt that this new record will sell a lot of copies.
→ I don’t want to be disturbed.
→ He took the company to court unfairly.
→ There’s every likelihood that we’ll be late.
→ The committee expressed a preference for the first proposal.
→ I really must get down to answering all these letters.
→ You mustn’t blame
→ There’s quite a lot of criticism directed at the police nowadays.
→ Quite bluntly, the man’s an idiot.
→ I (just) can’t wait to meet them.
→ They spent the whole week lying on the beach sunbathing.
→ I have serious doubts as to whether this will work.
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