PHƯƠNG PHÁP CHUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
1. Các bước thực hiện dạng cấu trúc câu tường thuật
1.1. Bước 1: Hãy chọn từ tường thuật phù hợp
Khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta thường sử dụng 2 động từ tường thuật là said (quá khứ của say) và told (quá khứ của tell).
S + said/ told (sb) + (that) + S + V
Lưu ý sự khác nhau giữa told và said:
- Khi muốn thuật lại rằng S nói với người khác bắt buộc phải dùng told
- Nếu không muốn nhắc đến người này ta dùng said
Ví dụ:
- Jenny said (that) she bought new car.
=> Jenny told Kelly (that) she bought new car.
Ngoài said và told chúng ta có thể sử dụng thêm nhiều từ tường thuật khác để diễn tả rõ hơn tính chất của lời nói như: asked, announced, suggested, promises, denied… Tuy nhiên những từ này thường không sử dụng cấu trúc said that hay told somebody that, mà sử dụng cấu trúc V-ing hoặc to-V.
asked sb to-V
denied V-ing
suggested V-ing
1.2. Bước 2: Cách lùi thì trong câu tường thuật sao cho hợp lý
Như đã nói ở phía trên, khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp ta phải lùi thì khi việt lại thành câu tường thuật. Dưới đây là bảng các thì trong tiếng Anh khi được lùi một thì :
Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
Hiện tại đơn ví dụ: play | Quá khứ đơn => played |
Hiện tại tiếp diễn is/are playing | Quá khứ tiếp diễn => was/were playing |
Hiện tại hoàn thành have/has played | Quá khứ hoàn thành => had played |
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn have/has been playing | Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn => had been playing |
Tương lai đơn will play | Tương lai đơn trong quá khứ => would play |
Tương lai tiếp diễn will be playing | Tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ => would be playing |
Tương lai hoàn thành will have played | Tương lai hoàn thành trong quá khứ => would have played |
Tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn will have been playing | Tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn trong quá khứ => would have been playing |
Quá khứ đơn played | Quá khứ hoàn thành => had played |
Quá khứ tiếp diễn was/were playing | Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn => had been playing |
Quá khứ hoàn thành had played | Quá khứ hoàn thành (giữ nguyên vì không thể lùi thì nữa) => had played |
Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn had been playing | Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn (giữ nguyên vì không thể lùi thì nữa) => had been playing |
Lưu ý:
– Một số Modal verbs có thể lùi thì:
- Can → Could
- May → Might
- Must/ Have to → Had to
Ví dụ:
- “You can finish work at 5.30 ”, Brown told Holly.
=> Brown told Holly could finish work at 5.30
Không lùi thì với: might, could, would, should, ought to
Ví dụ:
- Jane said, “You should cut short hair”.
=> Jane said I should cut short hair.
Không lùi thì khi câu trực tiếp là một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lý.
Ví dụ:
- Grandfather said, “The sun rises in the East and sets in the West”.
=> Grandfather said The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
1.3. Bước 3: Đổi lại các đại từ và tính từ sở hữu trong câu trực tiếp gián tiếp
Trong câu trực tiếp | Trong câu tường thuật | |
Đại từ nhân xưng | I We You | He, She They I, we |
Đại từ sở hữu | Mine Ours Yours | His, hers Theirs Mine, Ours |
Tính từ sở hữu | My
Our Your | His, her
Their My, Our |
Tân ngữ | Me Us You | Him, her Them Me, us |
Lưu ý: Khi muốn tường thuật câu nói của chính mình thì các đại từ, tính từ sở hữu không đổi.
1.4. Bước 4: Đổi lại các từ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian phù hợp
Các từ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian trong là dấu hiệu nhận biết các thì trong ngữ pháp tiếng Anh, vì vậy bạn nên ghi nhớ thật kĩ phần này bởi nó sẽ xuất hiện rất nhiều trong bài tập câu trực tiếp gián tiếp.
Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
This These Here/ Overhere Now Today Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Ago This week Last week Next week | That Those There/ Overthere Then/ at the time That day The day before/ the previous day Two days before The day after/ the next/ the following day Two days after/ in two days’ time Before That week The week before/ the previous week The week after/ the following/next week |
2. Câu tường thuật dạng câu hỏi
Câu tường thuật dạng câu hỏi sẽ có được chia thành 2 loại là câu hỏi Yes/No question và Wh-Question
2.1. Câu tường thuật câu hỏi Yes/No Question
Câu hỏi Yes/No question là dạng câu hỏi đơn giản trong tiếng anh, thường được bắt đầu bằng động từ tobe hoặc trợ động từ
Cách chuyển câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp trong dạng câu hỏi Yes/No question vẫn đầy đủ các bước như chuyển câu hỏi ở câu trực tiếp sang dạng khẳng định rồi thực hiện thay đổi thì và trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, chủ ngữ, tân ngữ…, tuy nhiên cần lưu ý 2 điều sau:
- Dùng động từ giới thiệu ask hoặc inquire, wonder, want to know…. + liên từ
- Dùng if hoặc whether ngay sau động từ giới thiệu của mệnh đề chính để thể hiện ý nghĩa có hoặc không
Công thức câu tường thuật dạng câu hỏi Yes/No question:
S + asked (+ Sb) + if/whether + S + V
=> S + asked/wondered/wanted to know + if/whether + S + V
Ví dụ:
- She said, “Do you like cherry?”
=> She asked me if/whether I like cherry.
2.2. Câu tường thuật câu hỏi Wh-Question
Dạng câu hỏi Wh-Question là loại câu bắt đầu bằng các từ nghi vấn như Who, When, What, How, Where,.… Cách chuyển câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp dạng câu hỏi Wh-Questions tương tự các bước chuyển sang câu tường thuật ban đầu, tuy nhiên cần chú ý những điểm sau:
- Lặp lại từ để hỏi ngay sau động từ giới thiệu
- Thay đổi trật tự câu thành câu trần thuật
Công thức câu tường thuật dạng câu hỏi Wh-Question:
S + asked (O) + What/ When/ How/ Who… + S +V
=> S + asked (sb)/ wanted to know/ wondered + What/ When/ How/ Who… + S + V
Ví dụ:
- “What time do you go home?”, my sister asked me
=> My sister want to know what time I go home.
3. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu mệnh lệnh
3.1. Cấu trúc câu tường thuật loại câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định có dạng:
S + told + O + to V-infi
Ví dụ:
- “Please call me, Daniel.” Jane said.
=> Jane told Daniel to call her.
3.2. Cấu trúc câu tường thuật loại câu mệnh lệnh phủ định có dạng:
S + told + O + not to V-infi
Ví dụ:
- “Don’t eat in class!” the driver said.
=> The teacher told the students not to eat in class.
Lưu ý: Một số từ tường thuật phổ biến khi chuyển sang ở dạng câu mệnh lệnh: tell, ask, order, advise, warn, command, remind….
4. Câu tường thuật ở dạng câu điều kiện ở lời nói gián tiếp
4.1. Câu điều kiện loại 1: là điều kiện có thật, có thể xảy ra:
Chúng ta áp dụng quy tắc chung của câu gián tiếp là lùi thì
Ví dụ:
- A boy said, “If I win a lottery, I’ll buy a race car”
=> A boy said If he won a lottery, he would buy a race car.
4.2. Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3: là điều kiện không có thật, giả sử:
Chúng ta giữ nguyên, không đổi thì.
Ví dụ:
- Children said, “If I had a time machine, I would go back to the past”.
=> Children said If they had a time machine, they would go back to the past.
5. Ví dụ
5.1. Bài 1: Sửa lỗi sai trong bài tập dưới đây:
1. Sarah told to Laura to give her a hand.
2. Brian asked her whether did she like badminton or not.
3. Jack promised her friend that he would expect to see her next Sunday.
4. Tom said his mother that he would go to work in Ho Chi Minh city the next week.
5. Her mother ordered her do not go out with him the previous day.
5.2. Bài 2: Viết lại câu với bài tập câu trực tiếp gián tiếp dưới đây:
1. “Give me the mirror,” she told him.
→ She asked him
2. “Which shoes do you like best?” she asked her friend.
→ She asked her friend
3. “Would you like to go party with me?” she said to Paul.
→ She invited Paul
4. “Are you enjoying novel?” I said to Jessi.
→ I asked Jessi
5. “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” she told Daniel.
→ She told Daniel that
6. “I’m very sorry I gave you the wrong schedule,” She said to Hope
→ She apologized
7. “Party will not be served after 12 p.m” staff said.
→ Staff said that
8. “Please, please come to help me with the messy room,” my sister told me.
→ My sister begged me
Đáp án
Bài 1:
1. told to ➔ told
2. did she like ➔ she liked
3. next Sunday ➔ the next Sunday
4. said ➔ said to/told
5. do not go ➔ not to go
Bài 2:
1. She asked him to give her the mirror.
2. She asked her friend which shoes she liked best.
3. She invited Paul to go party with her.
4. I asked Jessi whether she was enjoying novel.
5. She told Daniel that she would phone him the day after.
6. Hope apologized to Suga for giving him the wrong number.
7. The notice said that breakfast would not be served after 10 a.m.
8. My sister begged me to come to help her with the assignment.
6. Bài tập thực hành
6.1. Exercise 1: Chuyển các câu sau về dạng câu trần thuật
1. “If the weather is fine, I will go on a picnic with my friends,” she said.
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2. “What would you do if you had three days off ?” I asked him.
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3. “I would have come to see you if I had known your address, Jim” she said.
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4. “I’m sure she will help you if you ask her.” , he told me.
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5. “If Today were Sunday, we wouldn’t go to school.” They said to me.
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6. She said to me, “If I were you, I wouldn’t tell her about this.”
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7. “There would not be enough seats if a lot of guests came.”, they said.
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8. “You will be surprised if you meet him.” , Peter said to Linda.
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9.The boy said : “I won’t be strong if I don’t swim everyday.”
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10. “What would you do if you saw a snake ?” Nam asked Nga.
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11. “We’ll have lunch outside in the garden if it’s not cold.” ,Mr John said.
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12. “Tom would win more races if he trained hard.” , The man said.
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13. “If you feel like a chat, phone me tonight.” David said to me.
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14. “If you isn’t eating so much junk food, you would be a lot fitter.” Mother said.
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15. “I will be surprised if Mary doesn’t pass the exam.” , our teacher said.
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16. “If I knew her hobbies, I could let you know.” He said to me.
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17. “If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.” , the man said.
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18. “If you had listened to my advice, you wouldn’t have made such a big mistakes.” Julia said to LiLi.
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6.2. Exercise 2: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất.
1. Jack asked me _____.
A. where do you come from? B. where I came from
C. where I came from D. where did I come from?
2. She asked me _____ I liked pop music.
A.when B.what C.if D.x
3. The doctor ____ him to take more exercise.
A.told B.tell C. have told D. are telling
4. I wanted to know_____ return home.
A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would
5. Claire told me that her father____ a race horse.
A. owns B. owned C. owning D. A and B
6. What did that man say ______?
A. at you B. for you C. to you D. you
7. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it _______ raining there.
A. is B. were C. has been D. was
8. The builders have ______ that everything will be ready on time.
A. promised B. promise C. promises D. promising
9. The doctor _______ him to take more exercise.
A. told B. tell C. have told D. are telling
10. The last time I saw Linda, she looked very relaxed. She explained she’d been on holiday the ______ week.
A. ago B. following C. next D. previous
11. Yesterday, Laura ______ him to put some shelves up.
A. asked B. is asking C. ask D. was asked
12. Tom has ______ this story wasn’t completely true.
A. admitting that B. was admitted that C. admitted that D. admit that
13. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ______ day.
A. that B. the C. then D. this
14. I wonder _____ the tickets are on sale yet.
A. what B. when C. where D. whether
15. Mathew _____ Emma that her train was about to leave.
A. has reminded B. has reminded that C. reminded D. reminded that
16. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sophie said you _____ ill.
A. are B. were C. was D. should be
17. Ann ______ and left.
A. said goodbye to me B. says goodbye to me C. tell me goodbye D. told me goodbye
18. I told you ______ switch off the computer, didn’t I ?
A. don’t B. not C. not to D. to not
19. Bill was slow, so I ________ hurry up.
A. tell him B. told him for C. told to D. told him to
20. Sarah was driving to fast, so I ______ to slow down.
A. asked her B. asked C. ask D.have asked her
21. Someone ______ me there’s been an accident on the motorway.
A. asked B. said C. spoke D. told
22. Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I advised her _____.
A. no worry B. not worry C. no to worry D. not to worry
23. I couldn’t move the piano alone, so I asked Tom_______.
A. giving a hand B. gave a hand C. to give a hand D. give a hand
24. Tom said that New York _______ more lively than London.
A. is B. be C. was D. were
25. When he was at Oliver’s flat yesterday, Martin asked if he ______ use the phone.
A. can B. could C. may D. must
26. George couldn’t help me. He ______ me to ask Kate.
A. tell B. said C. told D. say
27. Judy ______ going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.
A.admitted B. offered C. promised D. suggested
28. I said that I had met her ______ .
A. yesterday B. the previous day C. the day D. the before day.
29. The man asked the boys ______ .
A. why did they fight B. why they were fighting
C. why they fight D.why were they fighting
30. “______the door”, he said.
A. please open B. open pleased C. please to open D. please, opening
31. I wanted to know ______ return home.
A. when would she B. when will she C. when she will D. when she would
32. The woman wonders _______ doing well at school.
A. whether her children are B. if her children were
B. whether her children were D. her children are if
33. Peter said he was leaving for Paris ______.
A. next week B. the week previous C. following week D. the following week
34. “I don’t usually drink milk when ______ ” Mrs. Pike said.
A. she was hungry B. I was hungry C. I am hungry D. I will be
35. They said that their house had been broken into ______.
A. the two days before B. two days ago C. two days before D. since two days
6.3. Exercise 3: Somebody says something to you which is the oppsite of what they said earlier. Complete the answers.
1. A: That restaurant is expensive
B: Is it? I thought you said it was cheap.
2. A: Sue is coming to the party tonight.
B: Is she? I thought you said she …………………
3. A: Sarah likes Paul.
B: Does she? Last week you said …………………..
4. A: I know lots of people.
B: Do you? I thought you said ……………………
5. A: Jane will be here next week.
B: Will she? But didn’t you say …………………..
7. Đáp án
7.1. Exercise 1:
1. She said if the weather was fine, she would go on a picnic with her friends.
2. I asked him what he would do if he had (had) three days off.
3. She told Jim that she would have come if she had known his address.
4. He told me that he was sure she would help if I asked her.
5. They told me if that day were Sunday, they wouldn't go to school
6. She told me that if she were me, she wouldn't tell her about that
7 . They said that there wouldn’t be enough seats if a lot of guests came.
8. Peter told Linda that she would be surprised if she met him.
9. The boy said that he would not be strong if he did not swim everyday.
10. Nam asked Nga what she would do if she saw a snake.
11. Mr John said that they would have lunch outside in the garden if it was not cold.
12. The man said Tom would win more races if he trained hard.
13. David told me to phone him that night if I felt like a chat.
14. My mother told me that I would be a lot fitter if I was not eating so much junk food.
15. Our teacher said that she would be surprised of Mary did not pass the exam.
16. He told me that if he knew her hobbies, he could let me know.
17. The man said that he would buy a new car if he won the lottery.
18. Julia told LilLi that she would not have made such a big mistake if she had listened to Julia’s advice.
7.2. Exercise 2:
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. D
15. C
16. B
17. A
18. C
19. D
20. A
21. D
22. D
23. C
24. C
25. B
26. C
27. D
28. B
29. B
30. A
31. D
32. B
33. D
34. C
35. B
7.3. Exercise 3:
2. she wasn’t coming somewhere else/ … she was staying at home.
3. she didn’t like him
4. you didn’t know anybody
5. she wouldn’t be here
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- Phương pháp làm bài Câu tường thuật trong Tiếng Anh
- Các dạng động từ trong Tiếng Anh
- Vị trí của Tính từ
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