LÝ THUYẾT VÀ BÀI TẬP ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Lý thuyết
1.1. Định nghĩa, chức năng
Đảo ngữ là dạng câu đặt trợ động từ (hoặc động từ TOBE) hoặc trạng từ lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh yếu tố quan trọng muốn đề cập trong câu.
1.2. Các dạng đảo ngữ thường gặp
*Đảo ngữ với trạng từ phủ định:
Một số trạng từ phủ định như:
- Seldom, rarely, scarcely (hiếm khi)
- Never (không bao giờ)
- Hardly (hầu như không)
- Little (ít khi, hiếm khi)
- Hardly ever (hầu như không bao giờ)
Cấu trúc: Trạng từ phủ định + trợ động từ + S + V
Ví dụ: Rarely does Jane go to the library. (Jane hiếm khi đến thư viện).
Chú ý: Việc chia thì của trợ động từ phụ thuộc vào thì của câu.
*Đảo ngữ với nhóm từ chứa “no”:
Các nhóm từ chứa “no”:
- at no time: không bao giờ
- on no condition: không đủ điều kiện, dù thế nào
- on no account: không thể vì lý do nào
- under/ in no circumstances: không bao giờ
- for no searson: không có lý do gì
- in no way: không thể nào, không thể
- no longer: không..........nữa
- nowhere: không nơi nào
Cấu trúc: Trạng từ chứa “no” + trợ động từ + S + V
Ví dụ: For no reason do we give up. (Không có lý do gì để chúng ta bỏ cuộc).
*Đảo ngữ với So:
Cấu trúc:
- So + adj (tính từ) + tobe + S + that + clause (mệnh đề)
- So + adv (trạng từ) + trợ động từ + S + V + that + clause
Ví dụ 1: So beautiful is she that she can become The Miss World.
Ví dụ 2: So quickly did he drive that the police couldn’t catch him.
*Đảo ngữ với Such:
Cấu trúc:
- Such + tobe + (a/an) + adj + N + that + clause
- Such + (a/an) + adj + N + tobe + that + clause
Ví dụ: Such is a beautiful dress that I want to buy it. (Cái váy đẹp tới nỗi tôi muốn mua nó).
*Đảo ngữ với nhóm từ chứa “only”:
- Cấu trúc 1 áp dụng với các cụm:
+ only once: chỉ 1 lần
+ only later: chỉ sau đó
+ only in this/ that way: chỉ bằng cách này/ cách đó
+ only after + V.ing/N : chỉ sau khi
+ only by + V.ing/N: chỉ bằng cách, bằng việc
+ only with + N: chỉ với
+ only then: chỉ sau đó
+ only + giới từ + thời gian: chỉ vào lúc
Các cụm từ chứa “only” trên + trạng từ + trợ động từ + S + V
Ví dụ: Only by working hard can you make a lot of money.
- Cấu trúc 2 áp dụng với các cụm:
+ only when: chỉ khi
+ only after: chỉ sau khi
+ only if: chỉ nếu mà
Các cụm từ chứa “only” trên + S1 + V1 (+O1) + trợ động từ + S2 + V2
Ví dụ: Only when they broke up did he understand his love for her.
- Cấu trúc 3 với “not only…but also” (không những… mà còn):
Not only + trợ động từ + S + V1 + but + S + also + V2
Ví dụ: Not only does he play football well, but he also study well.
*Cấu trúc đảo ngữ với các nhóm từ kết hợp:
- No sooner … than … (vừa mới … thì)
- Hardly … when… (vừa mới … thì)
No sooner/ Hardly + had + S + VP2 + than/ when + S + V-quá khứ đơn
Ví dụ: No sooner had I studied than it cut off the power.
*Đảo ngữ với trạng từ chỉ địa điểm:
Các trạng từ chỉ địa điểm:
+ here: ở đây
+ there: ở đó
+ giới từ (on/in/at/…) + địa điểm
Cấu trúc: Các trạng từ chỉ địa điểm + V + S
Ví dụ: Here had an accident. (Ở đây đã có 1 vụ tai nạn).
Lưu ý: Trường hợp chủ ngữ là các đại từ nhân xưng như I, you, we, they, he, she, it, cấu trúc sẽ như sau: Trạng từ chỉ địa điểm + S + V
Ví dụ: There they are. (Họ ở đó).
2. Bài tập
2.1. Hãy chuyển sang dạng đảo ngữ những câu sau
1. He is so intelligent that he always scores high.
⇒ So….......
2. He hardly bought an insurance when he had an accident.
(1) ⇒ Hardly.......
(2) ⇒ No sooner.......
3. The thief ran away.
⇒ Away.......
4. I could drive motorbike only when I reached 18.
⇒ Only when.......
5. He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang.
⇒ No sooner .......
6. He is both intelligent and handsome.
⇒ Not only.......
7. She will never accept his proposal.
⇒ At no time.......
8. Mr. Bean rarely showed his intelligence.
⇒ Rarely.......
9. I phone him as soon as I went home.
(1) ⇒ No sooner.......
(2) ⇒ Scarcely.......
10. He only thought about having a holiday abroad after he retired.
⇒ Only after.......
2.2. Hãy chuyển sang dạng đảo ngữ những câu sau
1. He dived into the sea.
⇒ Into.......
2. He is such a lazy boy that no one likes him
⇒ Such.......
3. She is such a gentle girl that she speaks very softly.
⇒ Such.......
4. The girl lay on the bed.
⇒ On.......
5. It was not until she was 18 that she went abroad.
⇒ Not until.......
6. We can only improve our skills by training hard.
⇒ Only.......
7. We are here.
⇒ Here.......
8. He no longer drinks coffee.
⇒ No longer.......
9. He stood outside the door.
⇒ Outside.......
10. It was not until they were robbed of money that they became more careful.
⇒ Not until.......
2.3. Viết lại câu, dùng từ cho sẵn
1. He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang.
⇒ No sooner........
2. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
⇒ Hardly........
3. He didn’t finish his work until the bell rang.
⇒ Not until........
4. We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months.
⇒ Only........
5. A sleeping dog was lying under the table.
⇒ Under the table........
6. His brother had rarely been more excited.
⇒ Rarely........
7. The facts were not all made public until later.
⇒ Only........
8. If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
⇒ Had........
2.4. Dùng NEVER viết lại câu với hình thức đảo ngữ
1. She had never been so happy before.
⇒ Never before.......
2. I have never heard such nonsense!
⇒ Never.........
3. I have never seen such a mess in my life.
⇒ Never in my life.......
4. Our profits have never been higher than they are this year.
⇒ Never.......
5. The film had never before laid on such a sumptuous celebration.
⇒ Never.......
6. I've never come across such a horrifying film.
⇒ Never.......
7. I've never been so moved by a Shakespeare production.
⇒ Never.......
2.5. Viết lại câu, dùng đảo ngữ với NOT.
1. He is my friend as well as yours.
⇒ Not only.......
2. He not only spent all his money but also borrowed some from me.
⇒ Not only.......
3. Harry not only broke his leg but also injured his shoulder.
⇒ Not only.......
4. He is both intelligent and handsome.
⇒ Not only.......
5. She is impatient and dishonest.
⇒ Not only.......
6. The bus not only crashed into a tree, but it also ran over a cat.
⇒ Not.......
7. She not only wrote the text but also selected the illustrations.
⇒ Not.......
8. She is not only beautiful but also attractive.
⇒ Not........
2.6. Dùng RARELY, SELDOM hoặc LITTLE viết lại câu với hình thức đảo ngữ
1. One rarely finds good service these days.
⇒ Rarely.......
2. She has rarely travelled more than fifty miles from her village.
⇒ Rarely.......
3. Public borrowing has seldom been so high.
⇒ Seldom.......
4. They had seldom participated in such a fascinating ceremony.
⇒ Seldom.......
5. They little suspected that the musical was going to be a runaway success.
⇒ Little.......
6. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent
⇒ Little.......
8. He has seldom seen anything stranger
⇒ Seldom.......
2.7. Viết lại câu, dùng từ cho sẵn
1. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.
⇒ Not only........
2. He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang.
⇒ No sooner ........
3. I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
⇒ Hardly ........
4. He didn’t finish his work until the bell rang.
⇒ Not until ........
5. We only began to see the symptoms of the disease after several months.
⇒ Only ........
2.8. Viết lại câu, dùng từ cho sẵn mà không làm thay đổi nghĩa
1. The response to our appeal was so great that we has to take on more staff.
⇒ Such........
2. Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder.
⇒ Not only ........
3. The police didn’t at all suspect that the judge was the murderer.
⇒ Little ........
4. If you do happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
⇒ Should........
5. The bus driver cannot be blamed for the accident in any way.
⇒ In ........
3. Đáp án
3.1.
1. So intelligent is he that he always scores high.
2. (1) ⇒ Hardly had he bought an insurance when he had an accident.
(2) ⇒ No sooner had he bought an insurance bike than he had an accident.
3. Away ran the thief.
4. Only when I reached 18 could I drive motorbike.
5. He had hardly left the office when the telephone rang.
6. Not only is he intelligent but also handsome.
7. At no time will she accept his proposal.
8. Rarely did Mr. Bean show his intelligence.
9. (1) ⇒ No sooner had I gone home than I phoned him.
(2) ⇒ Scarcely had I gone home when I phoned him.
10. Only after he retired did he think about having a holiday abroad.
3.2.
1. Into the sea he dived.
2. Such a lazy boy is he that no one likes him.
3. Such is a gentle girl that she speaks very softly.
hoặc: Such a gentle girl is she that she speaks very softly.
4. On the bed lay the girl
5. Not until she was 18 did she go abroad.
6. Only by training hard can we improve our skills.
7. Here we are.
8. No longer does he drink coffee.
9. Outside the door he stood.
10. Not until they were robbed of money did they become more careful.
3.3.
1. No sooner had he left the office than the telephone rang.
2. Hardly had I just put the phone down when the boss rang back.
3. Not until the bell rang did he finish his work.
4. Only after several months did we begin to see the symptoms of the disease.
5. Under the table was lying a sleeping dog.
6. Rarely had his brother been more excited.
7. Only until later were the facts all made public
8. Had I realized what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
3.4.
1. Never before had she been so happy.
2. Never have I heard such nonsense
3. Never in my life have I seen such a mess in my life
4. Never have our profits been higher than they are this year
5. Never before had the film laid on such a sumptuous celebration.
6. Never have I come across such a horrifying film.
7. I've never been so moved by a Shakespeare production.
3.5.
1. Not only is he my friend but also yours
2. Not only did he spend all his money but also borrowed some from me
3. Not only did Harry break his leg but also injured his shoulder
4. Not only is he intelligent but also handsome
5. Not only is she impatient but dishonest as well
6. Not only did the bus crash into a tree but it also ran over a cat.
7. Not only did she write the text but also selected the illustrations.
8. Not only is she beautiful but also attractive.
3.6.
1. Rarely does one find good service these days
2. Rarely has she traveled more than fifty miles from her village
3. Seldom public borrowing has been so high
4. Seldom had they participated in such a fascinating ceremony.
5. Little did they suspect that the musical was going to be a runaway success.
6. Little did the embassy staff realize that Ted was a secret agent
7. Little did she realize what would happen to her next.
8. Seldom has he seldom seen anything stranger.
3.7.
1. Not only did he spend all his money but she also borrowed some from me.
2. No sooner had I left the office than the phone rang.
3. Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back.
4. Not until the bell rang did he finish his work.
5. Only after several months did we begin to see the symptoms of the disease.
3.8.
1. Such was the responsible to our appeal that we has to take on more staff
2. Not only did Harry break his leg but he also injured his shoulder.
3. Little did the police suspect that the judgment was the murderer.
4. Should you see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
5. In no way can the bus be blamed for the accident.
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