Chuyên đề Nouns

CHUYÊN ĐỀ NOUNS

PHẦN A: LÝ THUYẾT

Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements, etc. (Danh từ là từ dùng để gọi tên sự vật, hiện tượng)

Functions: (chức năng)

2.1. Subject (S) (chủ ngữ): Danh từ làm chủ ngữ cho câu, hay chủ thể tác động, nhận tác động từ động từ

e.g. A teacher usually works at school.

S A V A

Some kinds of birds migrate in winter.

S V A

Accidents may happen anytime, anywhere, and to anyone.

S V A

2.2. Object (O) (tân ngữ): Danh từ làm tân ngữ cho câu, hay chủ thể nhận tác động từ động từ, theo sau một số giới từ.

e.g. He buys some cakes for his birthday party.

S V O O

They sent me some documents.

S V O O

We had made an appointment to meet at the station.

S V O

2.3. Complement (C) (bổ ngữ): Danh từ làm bổ ngữ trong câu, là thành phần phụ hoàn tất câu.

e.g. She was a famous singer.

S V C

Peter will become our new manager in the next two year.

S V C A

She has been our principal since last May.

S V C A

2.4. Compounds (danh từ ghép): Danh từ có thể ghép với nhau để tạo thành danh từ mới với những qui tắc ghép khác nhau.

e.g. summer holiday, birthday cakes, schoolboy, schoolgirl, salesman, chairperson, etc.

2.5. Possessive cases (dạng sở hữu cách): Chú ý cách tạo dấu sở hữu cách trong các ví dụ dưới đây.

e.g. the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…

children’s seats, people’s lives,…

pupils’ books, the farmers’ tools,…

2.6. Noun phrases (cụm danh từ kết hợp tự do): Free words combination or compounds.

Danh từ ghép với các thành tố khác tạo thành cụm danh từ.

Plural forms: các hình thức biến đổi danh từ từ dạng số ít thành số nhiều (chỉ dành cho danh từ đếm được – countable nouns)

3.1. Adding “s” to almost count-nouns: thêm ‘s’ vào sau hầu hết các danh từ số ít để tạo thành các danh từ số nhiều. (Chú ý: tận cùng ‘s’ được phát âm /s/ khi liền trước là các phụ âm vô thanh như /f/, /t/, /k/, /p/, phát âm là /Iz/ khi theo sau các tận cùng ce, ge, se, ze, còn lại phát âm là /z/).

Như bảng sau:

	singular	plural		singular	plural
1.	an action	actions	11.	a bomb	bombs
2.	an actor	actors	12.	a cat	cats
3.	an apple	apples	13.	a dog	dogs
4.	an orange	oranges	14.	a finger	fingers
5.	an eel	eels	15.	a kid	kids
6.	an eye	eyes	16.	a lamp	lamps
7.	an heir	heirs	17.	a table	tables
8.	an hour	hours	18.	a unit	units
9.	an onion	onions	19.	a whisper	whispers
10.	an umbrella	umbrellas	20.	a winner	winners

3.2. Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “s, ss, sh, ch, o, x” with /Iz/ or /z/ sounds: Thêm ‘es’ vào sau các danh từ đếm được số ít tận cùng bằng “s, ss, sh, ch, o, x” để tạo thành các danh từ số nhiều tương ứng.

Như bảng sau:

	endings	singular	plural	singular	plural
1.	s	a bus	buses	a plus	pluses
2.	ss	a class	classes	a kiss	kisses
3.	sh	a brush	brushes	a dish	dishes
4.	ch	a church	churches	a watch	watches
5.	o	a potato	potatoes	a tomato	tomatoes
6.	x	an ax	axes	a box	boxes

Note: Words of foreign origin or abbreviation ending in ‘o’, add ‘s’ only. Với các từ vay mượn, từ viết tắt tận cùng bằng ‘o’, ta thêm ‘s’ để tạo hình thức số nhiều. Như:

	singular	plural		singular	plural
1.	a dynamo	dynamos	6.	a soprano	sopranos
2.	a kilo	kilos	7.	a kimono	kimonos
3.	a piano	pianos	8.	a UFO	UFOs
4.	a radio	radios	9.	a UFO	UFOs
5.	a photo	photos	10.	an O	Os

3.3. Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants: Với các danh từ đếm được số ít tận cùng là ‘y’ và liền trước là phụ âm ta bỏ ‘y’ thay bằng ‘ies’ để tạo ra các danh từ số nhiều tương ứng. Như bảng sau:

	singular	plural		singular	plural
1.	a lorry	lorries	5.	an ability	abilities
2.	a story	stories	6.	a sky	skies
3.	a lady	ladies	7.	a fly	flies
4.	a baby	babies	8.	a lady	ladies
Nhưng:
	singular	plural		singular	plural
1.	a boy	boys	4.	a storey	storeys
2.	a toy	toys	5.	a prey	preys
3.	a play	plays	6.	a way	ways

3.4. Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f”, “fe”: Chuyển các danh từ đếm được tận cùng bằng “f”, “fe” từ số ít sang số nhiều ta đổi “f”, “fe” thành ‘ves’ như

bảng sau:
	singular	plural		singular	plural
1.	a wife	wives	4.	a leaf	leaves
2.	a knife	knives	5.	a loaf	loaves
3.	a life	lives	6.	a thief	thieves

Chú ý

Các danh từ hoof, scarf, và wharf đổi sang số nhiều thành hoofs, scarfs, và wharfs hoặc hooves, scarves, và wharves. Tức là có thể thêm ‘s’ hoặc ‘ves’. Các danh từ cliff, handkerchief, và safe đổi sang số nhiều sẽ chuyển thành cliffs, handkerchiefs, và safes. Tức là chỉ thêm ‘s’.

3.5. Irregular changes: dạng biến đổi bất qui tắc mô tả ở bảng dưới đây

	singular	plural		singular	plural
1.	a man	men	11.	a child	children
2.	a woman	women	12.	a medium	media
3.	a chairman	chairmen	13.	a mouse	mice
4.	a chairwoman	chairwomen	14.	an ox	oxen
5.	a salesman	salesmen	15.	a goose	geese
6.	a saleswoman	saleswomen	16.	a tooth	teeth
7.	a salesperson	salespeople	17.	a foot	feet
8.	a chairperson	chairpeople	18.	a phenomenon	phenomena
9.	a person	people	19.	a policeman	policemen
10.	a louse	lice	20.	a policewoman	policewomen

3.6. Collective nouns: crew, family, group, team,…(singular or plural form, either singular or plural verb) Các danh từ trên gọi là danh từ tổ hợp, có thể coi là số ít hoặc số nhiều, dùng động từ dạng số ít hoặc nhiều.

e.g. The crew save many victims.

Hoặc The crew saves many victims.

Our group have won several times.

Hoặc Our group has won several times.

3.7. Always-plural-form-nouns: Những danh từ dưới đây luôn tồn tại dưới hình thức số nhiều.

1.	arms	11.	greens (vegetable)	21.	pyjamas
2.	athletics	12.	jeans	22.	savings
3.	binoculars	13.	mathematics	23.	scales
4.	breeches	14.	outskirts	24.	scissors
5.	clothes	15.	pants	25.	shears
6.	damages	16.	pains (trouble, effort)	26.	spirits
7.	earnings	17.	physics	27.	stairs
8.	ethics	18.	pliers	28.	surroundings
9.	glasses	19.	police	29.	trousers
10.	goods	20.	politics	30.	valuables

e.g.	The police have asked several witnesses to prove their ideas.
	The stairs are too dim for us to go up easily.

3.8. The unchanged names of creatures: deer, sheep, calf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs) hình thức số ít, nhiều không đổi.

singular	plural		singular	plural
1.a deer	deer	6.	a cod	cod
2. a sheep	sheep	7.	a pike	pike
3. a calf	calf	8.	a plaice	plaice
4. a salmon	salmon	9.	a squid	squid
5. a trout	trout	10.	a turbot	turbot

e.g. A deer is trapped and two other deer are killed by the poachers.

A squid and two salmon were sent to the laboratory for rescue.

3.9. Plural form but singular verb: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards,bowls – Các danh từ trên có hình thức số nhiều nhưng sử dụng như danh từ số ít.

e.g. There is a news at 7.00 every day.

Mumps is widely seen among children of the age of under fifteen.

Uncountable nouns: Danh từ không đếm được

4.1. Substances: các dạng vật chất sau được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được:

	1.	beer	6.	dust	11.	jam	16.	stone
	2.	bread	7.	gin	12.	oil	17.	tea
	3.	cloth	8.	glass	13.	paper	18.	water
	4.	coffee	9.	gold	14.	sand	19.	wine
	5.	cream	10.	ice	15.	soap	20.	wood
e.g.	Vietnamese coffee is exported to many countries in the world.
	Beer is a favourite drink in the South.

4.2. Abstract nouns: Các danh từ trừu tượng được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được:

	1.	advice	6.	fear	11.	knowledge
	2.	beauty	7.	help	12.	mercy
	3.	courage	8.	hope	13.	pity
	4.	death	9.	horror	14.	relief
	5.	experience	10.	information	15.	suspicion
e.g.	Fear is a kind of feelings.
	Knowledge is one’s valuable possession.

4.3. Others: một số danh từ khác được qui ước là danh từ không đếm được

baggage 3. damage 5. luggage 7. parking 9. work camping

4. furniture 6. money 8. shopping 10. weather

e.g. Camping is my favourite outdoor activity

Weather is getting warmer when the Spring comes

4.4. Notes: Particular senses of uncountable nouns: Một số danh từ không đếm được lại có thể sử dụng với mạo từ như danh từ đếm được trong các ngữ cố định sau:

a help: A great help to + O

e.g. He gave a great help to our family.

Computer is a great help to my work

a relief: A relief to + V.

e.g. That gave me a relief to continue my study.

A relief to work makes your doing better.

a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N.

e.g. Pete has got a good knowledge of history.

A good knowledge of physics helps him pass the test.

a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …

e.g. He had a great love for funny stories.

A great love for wildlife encouraged him to apply for that job.

a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…

e.g. It’s a pity that I couldn’t come.

What’s a pity!

a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions.

e.g. We have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help.

A suspicion of no reason made him angry

5. Compound nouns: danh từ ghép

5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; hall-door; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes

5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-boating

5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving license

5.4. Free combination: sự kết hợp tự do

shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level

city street; corner shop; country lane

summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog

steel door; stone wall; silk shirt

coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground

fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig

football match; beauty contest; pop music

Suffixes: các hậu tố dùng để tạo danh từ

	suffixes		words
1.	er	teacher	reader	listener
2.	or	visitor	actor	spectator
3.	ist	terrorist	capitalist	naturalist
4.	ant	applicant	assistant	pollutant
5.	age	voyage	carriage	marriage
6.	dom	freedom	boredom	wisdom
7.	ness	sadness	tiredness	happiness
8.	iety	society	anxiety	variety
9.	ing	fishing	shopping	washing
10.	our	behavior
11.	ee	employee	refugee	interviewee
12.	ent	government	payment	investment
13.	ce	importance	difference	significance
14.	ion	action	decision	communication
15.	hood	childhood	adulthood	neighborhood
16.	ism	tourism	Buddhism	mechanism
17.	ship	friendship	scholarship	relationship
18.	ility	ability	possibility	responsibility
19.	al	arrival	refusal	approval
20.	y	difficulty	honesty	accuracy

PHẦN B: VÍ DỤ

Exercise 1: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words.
	roots	nouns		roots	nouns
1.	able	……………………	16.	imitate	……………………
2.	anxious	……………………	17.	know	……………………
3.	attract	……………………	18.	like	……………………
4.	announce	……………………	19.	lonely	……………………
5.	believe	……………………	20.	maintain	……………………
6.	careful	……………………	21.	manage	……………………
7.	certain	……………………	22.	modernize	……………………
8.	child	……………………	23.	organize	……………………
9.	discover	……………………	24.	pollute	……………………
10.	excite	……………………	25.	popular	……………………
11.	explain	……………………	26.	prove	……………………
12.	friendly	……………………	27.	short	……………………
13.	free	……………………	28.	solid	……………………
14.	hospitable	……………………	29.	stupid	……………………
15.	imagine	……………………	30.	warm	……………………

Exercise 2: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1.	The children all have very different____________.	PERSON
2.	An______________ is a person who is concerned about the natural environment and wants to improve and protect it.	ENVIRONMENT
3.	She had never been greatly concerned about her _____________.	APPEAR
4.	The_____________ of people interviewed prefer TV to radio.	MAJOR
5.	I’ll never forget the____________ I felt in the situation.	HUMILIATE

6.	The main goals of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are to promote peace and___________ in the region.	STABLE
7.	The security of the earth can be threatened by___________ groups.	TERROR
8.	It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species’ declines and habitat_____________.	DESTROY
9.	He resigned for a____________ of reasons.	VARY
10.	The Americans are much more concerned than the Indians and the Chinese with physical_______________ when choosing a wife or a husband.	ATTRACT
11.	How much does___________ of this club cost?	MEMBER
12.	I was annoyed at his___________ to co-operate.	REFUSE
13.	Jackson had another violent___________ with the referee.	AGREE
14.	She studied__________ at university.	ECONOMY

15.	Jackie suffered as a child from a very strict___________.	BRING
16.	Rescue team held out little hope of finding other___________.	SURVIVE
17.	___________ of the new system will take several days.	INSTALL
18.	Teachers must keep a record of students’_____________.	ATTEND
19.	There were 50___________ in the talent contest.	COMPETE
20.	Our___________ has lasted a lifetime.	FRIEND

PHẦN C: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG

Exercise 3: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. It was a complete _____________ due to their poor planning. FAIL

2. Everyone has a number of__________ but none has many true friends. ACQUAINT

3. Freedom of__________ is one of the fundamental rights. SPEAK

4. Do you ever suffer from___________. BORE

5. We can look forward to a period of___________. PROSPER

6. Due to___________ the difference between urban life and rural life is more and more reduced. ELECTRIC

7. A doctor may prescribe__________ if the patient has an infection. BIOTIC

8. Beauty is in the eye of the____________. HOLD

9. It is said the____________ of a Swiss watch is perfect. PRECISE

We have to decide to interview only the best six__________ for the job. APPLY

11. He left the room without any_______________. EXPLAIN

12. Many people expressed_____________ with the whole idea. AGREE

13. A lot of plants and animals could be used as medicines against cancer, AIDS, heart diseases and other____________. SICK

14. _____________ to a new environment is a difficult thing for old people. ADAPT

15. Police asked_____________ if they had seen the accident happen PASS

16. He shook his head in____________. APPROVE

17. He fought the illness with courage and____________. DETERMINE

18. Because of a car__________, she didn’t get to the airport in time for BREAK her flights.

19. The ____ need assistance from the whole society. POVERTY

20. We are offering many special price___________ on printers this REDUCE month.

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. _____________ surely leads to the loss of many factory jobs.

A.automatic B. automation C. automate D. automatically

2. Stress and tiredness often lead to lack of____________.

A. concentration B. concentrate C. concentrated D. concentrator

3. Jack likes the books that he borrowed from the school library very much. He has read them with____________.

A.entertainment B. romance C. tasting D. pleasure

4. Many communities are burning garbage and other biological waste products to produce_______________

A.electric B. electricity C. electrician D. electrify

5. Many of young people between the ages of 16 and 18 who are neither in education nor____________ are in danger of wasting their lives.

A.power B. ability C. nature D. employment

6. A book may be evaluated by a reader or professional writer to create a book____________

A.review B. reviewing C. reviewer D. reviewed

7. Farmers make their soil more productive by distributing___________.

A.fertile B. fertility C. fertilizers D. fertilizable

8.Chemical wastes from factories are___________ that cause serious damage to species habitats.

A.pollutes B. pollutants C. pollutions D. polluters

9.A book may be studied by students as the____________ of a writing and analysis exercise in the form of a book report.

A.limit B. time C. subject D. interest

10. In some communities a husband’s____________ over his wife is absolute

A.power B. powerful C. powerfully D. powered

11. I think that up to now there has not been a real____________ between men and women.

A.equal B. equally C. equality D. equalize

12. Most people consider it women’s____________ to take care of children and do housework

A.limit B. relationship C. responsibility D. respect

13. She is a biologist. She is interested in_________

A.conserves B. conservation C. conservancy D. conservative

14. The__________ development leads to our country’s prosperity.

A.industry B. industries C. industrial D. industrialize

15. Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with____________

A.extinct B. extinction C. extinctive D. extinctly

16. The organization has emphasized cooperation in the “three pillars” of security, socio cultural and economic___________ in the region.

A.organization B. production C. integration D. establishment

17. To preserve that____________, it was necessary to preserve the people that had created it.

A.civil B. civilize C. civility D. civilization

18. It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species’ declines and habitat___________ and degradation are the leading threats.

A.destroy B. destructive C. destructor D. destruction

19. I have nearly finished reading the book. There are only a few__________ left.

A.pieces B. pages C. slices D. sheets

20. A child receives his early____________ from their parents.

A.educate B. education C. educator D. educative

Exercise 5: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. He has been very interested in doing research on___________ since he was at high school.

A.biology B. biological C. biologist D. biologically

2. Most doctors and nurses have to work on a___________ once or twice a week at the hospital.

A.solution B. night shift

C.household chores D. special dishes

3. You are old enough to take___________ for what you have done.

A.responsible B. responsibility C. responsibly D. irresponsible

4. These quick and easy___________ can be effective in the short term, but they have a cost.

A.solve B. solvable C. solutions D. solvability

5. What are the___________ of that country? – I think it is some kinds of cheese and sauces.

A.drinks B. beverages C. grains D. special dishes

6. Hung tried his best and passed the driving test at the first___________.

A.try B. attempt C. doing D. aim

7. My husband and I both go out to work so we share the___________.

A.happiness

B. household chores

C.responsibility

D. employment

8. You should not burn___________. You had better dig a hole and bury it.

A.dishes B. lab C. garbage D. shift

9. He cannot make a___________ to get married to Mary or stay single until he can afford a house and a car.

A.decide B. decision C. decisive D. decisively

10. It is thought that traditional marriage_______ are important basis of limiting divorce rates.

A.appearances B. records C. responses D. values

11. Thanks to my friends’_____________ remarks, my essay have been improved.

A.construct B. construction C. constructive D. constructor

12. She was the first in her family to enjoy the privilege of a university___________.

A.schedule B. education C. science D. technology

13. English is an important___________ that is required in several national examinations.

A.language B. test C. evaluation D. subject

14.___________ is the study of the Earth’s physical features and the people, plants, and animals that live in different regions of the world.

A.Science B. Geography C. History D. Technology

15. ___________ is the study of the events of the past.

A.Geography B. History C. Arts D. Literature

16. Thanks to the_____________ of paper, many books have been kept for a very long time.

A.information B. knowledge C. durability D. portability

17. A ___________ is an area of knowledge or study, especially one that you study at school, college, or university.

A.degree B. subject C. level D. vacancy

18. Most ___________ are at senior level, requiring appropriate qualifications.

A.degrees B. grades C. colleges D. vacancies

19. She reads newspapers every day to look for the vacant_________

for which she can apply.

A.institutions B. indications C. positions D. locations

20. A ___________ is an official document that you receive when you have completed a course of study or training.

A.vocation B. subject C. certificate D. grade

Exercise 6: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. All the countries of the area have___________ to protect their wildlife but they are rarely enforced.

A.efforts B. laws C. results D. reserves

2. The president traveled under the____________ of many soldiers.

A.protect B. protective C. protector D. protection

3. Forest dwellers had always hunted the local___________ but their needs had been small.

A.wildlife B. commerce C. reserve D. generation

4. A____________ is a report in a newspaper or magazine in which a writer gives his opinion of a book, a film, or a play.

A. page B. subject C. review D. journey

5. She has been out of work for 3 months. She stays at home and does the housework _______.

A.disappoint B. disappointedly C. disappointed D. disappointing

6. In former days, women were considered not to be suitable for becoming a___________

A.politics B. political C. politically D. politician

7. The referee had no hesitation in awarding the visiting team a___________.

A.penalty B. penalize C. penal D. penalization

8. The crowd cheered as the goalkeeper deflected the___________.

A.shoot B. shooting C. shooter D. shot

9. They eventually realize that reckless___________ of the earth’s resources can lead only to eventual global disaster.

A.exploit B. exploitable C. exploitation D. exploitative

10. Mary enjoys reading_______, adventure, and whatever else she can either buy or borrow.

A.romance B. romantic C. romanticize D. romanticism

11. The novel has had a tremendous impact on____________ and publishing markets.

A.entertain B. entertainer C. entertainment D. entertainingly

12. A____________ is a story long enough to fill a complete book, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary.

A.pleasure B. novel C. page D. review

13. Women show a _______ to live longer than men.

A.tend B. tendency C. tendentious D. tende

14. A ___________ is a very large wave, often caused by an earthquake, which flows onto the land and destroys things.

A.famine B. catastrophe C. tsunami D. flood

15. It is necessary for the host to make his guest feel comfortable and _____________.

A.relax B. relaxation C. relaxing D. relaxed

16. Toxic chemicals from factories are one of the serious factors that leads wildlife to the___________ of extinction.

A.wall B. fence C. verge D. bridge

17.A____________ is the story of a person’s life written by somebody else.

A.romance B. fiction C. biography D. science

18.After leaving school, many of us only read for____________.

A.please B. pleasant C. pleasure D. pleasing

19. There are plenty of industrial___________ established in the area, which also makes the government worried about pollution.

A.series B. goods C. enterprises D. relationships

20. The referee’s___________ is the most important in any sport competition.

A.decide B. decisive C. decision D. decider

Exercise 7: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. There is a wide___________ of computers in that shop for you to choose.

A.vary B. various C. variety D. variously

2. There are several places where residents face the threat of___________ every day.

A.terrorist B. terrorism C. terrorize D. terror

3.Many people think that in some more years we will see the complete___________ of newspapers and magazines due to the Internet.

A.disappear B. disappearance C. appear D. appearing

4. The__________ of the future will no longer be remedial. It will be preventive.

A.communication B. education C. medicine D. technology

5. Doctors and pharmacists have to assume___________ for human life.

A.responsibility B. achievement C. optimism D. aspect

6. Strict___________ measures are in force in the capital to protect it from terrorism.

A.scientific B. normal C. transportation D. security

7. Constant___________ of attack makes everyday life dangerous here.

A.threat B. threaten C. threatening D. threateningly

8. The government gave top ___________ to reforming the legal system.

A.priority B. primary C. preference D. major

9. There will be powerful network of computers which may come from a single computing___________ that is worn on or in the body.

A.device B. machinery C. equipment D. vehicle

10. These new economic reforms have allowed for international___________ and development in the country.

A.pay B. renovation C. investment D. opportunity

11. After a decade of economic liberalization, Vietnam has seen a dramatic rise in living___________ in urban areas.

A.surface B. standards C. levels D. backgrounds

12. Their___________ has lasted for more than 20 years.

A.friends B. friendly C. friendness D. friendship

13. For more than 20 years, the Vietnamese government has pursued the open-door__________ and continued to woo foreign investment.

A.policy B. way C. export D. guideline

14. Development plans were to focus equally on agriculture and industry and investment was to favor projects that developed both____________ of the economy.

A.parties B. parts C. sections D. sectors

15. Despite the plan’s emphasis on agricultural___________, the industrial sector received a larger share of state investment.

A.shortage B. commitment C. development D. achievement

16. A___________ is a spacecraft that is designed to travel into space and back to earth several times.

A.plane B. corporation

C.telecommunication D. shuttle

17. An economic___________ is a time when there is very little economic activity, which causes a lot of unemployment and poverty.

A.improvement B. depression C. development D. mission

18.___________ is the technology of sending signals and messages over long distances using electronic equipment, for example by radio and telephone.

A.Telecommunication B. Telegraph

C.Multifunction D. Information technology

19. What will the relationship between computing and______ bring us over the next 15 years?

A.science B. scientific C. scientifically D. scientist

20. We sometimes go away from the city to the countryside for a__________ of fresh air.

A.feeling B. sip C. swallow D. breath

Exercise 8: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. Parents can express a___________ for the school their child attends.

A.prefer B. preference C. preferential D. preferable

2. I would like to invite you to participate in the________________ ceremony.

A. graduate B. graduated C. graduation D. graduating

3.In many countries, prospective university students apply for___________ during their last year of high school.

A.achievement B. information C. course D. admission

4. The University of Cambridge is a prestigious___________ of higher learning in the U.K.

A.tower B. hall C. house D. institute

5. He has not been offered the job because he cannot meet the___________ of the company.

A.requirements B. applicants C. information D. education

6.___________ is used to describe the work of a person whose job is to treat sick or injured animals, or to describe the medical treatment of animals.

A.Chemistry B. Pharmacy C. Medicine D. Veterinary

7. He was the only___________ that was offered the job

A.apply B. application C. applicant D. applying

8. Although he has not got necessary experience, he used to take a___________ in business administration.

A.curriculum B. course C. school D. class

9.The functional skills such as fundamentals of agriculture, health and hygiene and population education have also been incorporated in the primary school___________.

A.curriculum B. project C. plan D. schedule

10. There is a wide range of ___________ in the education system of the USA.

A.select B. selective C. selected D. selection

11. Entry to university is competitive so some___________ with the minimum entrance qualifications will find themselves without a place.

A.tutors B. professors C. teachers D. applicants

12. Students also have the opportunity to choose from a wide range of___________ courses in the university.

A.compulsory B. optional C. required D. limited

13. Many children are under such a high___________ of learning that they do not feel happy at school.

A.recommendation B. interview C. pressure D. concentratio

14. She likes meeting people and travelling so she wants to apply for a___________ of a receptionist or tourist guide.

A.location B. position C. site D. word

15. To my___________, I was not offered the job.

A.happiness B. dream C. joy D. disappointment

16. Being well-dressed and punctual can help you create a good________ on your interviewer.

A.impression B. pressure C. employment D. effectiveness

17. She often reads newspapers and look through the Situations___________ columns every day, but up to now she has not found any job yet

A.Article B. Space C. Vacant D. Spot

18. Many people will be out of___________ if the factory is closed.

A.work B. career C. profession D. job

19. You should ask the interviewer some questions about the job to show your___________ and keenness.

A.anger B. thrill C. amazement D. interest

20. The control of ___________ has been carried out through measures rooted in monetarism.

A.inflate B. inflationist C. inflation D. inflator

ĐÁP ÁN

Exercise 1: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words.

1.	able	ability	16.	imitate	imitation
2.	anxious	anxiety	17.	know	knowledge
3.	attract	attraction	18.	like	likeness
4.	announce	announcement	19.	lonely	loneliness
5.	believe	belief	20.	maintain	maintenance
6.	careful	carefulness	21.	manage	management
7.	certain	certainty	22.	modernize	modernization
8.	child	childhood	23.	organize	organization
9.	discover	discovery	24.	pollute	pollution
10.	excite	excitement	25.	popular	popularity
11.	explain	explanation	26.	prove	proof
12.	friendly	friendliness	27.	short	shortage
13.	free	freedom	28.	solid	solidity
14.	hospitable	hospitability	29.	stupid	stupidity
15.	imagine	imagination	30.	warm	warmth

Exercise 2: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1.	PERSONALITY	11.	MEMBERSHIP
2.	ENVIRONMENTALIST	12.	REFUSAL
3.	APPEARANCE	13.	AGREEMENT
4.	MAJORITY	14.	ECONOMICS
5.	HUMILIATION	15.	UPBRINGING
6.	STABILITY	16.	SURVIVORS
7.	TERRORIST	17.	INSTALLATION
8.	DESTRUCTION	18.	ATTENDANCE
9.	VARIETY	19.	COMPETITORS
10.	ATTRACTION	20.	FRIENDSHIP

Exercise 3: Give ONE of the derived nouns of the given words to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1.	FAILURE	11.	EXPLANATION
2.	ACQUAINTANCES	12.	AGREEMENTS
3.	SPEECH	13.	SICKNESSES
4.	BORDOM	14.	ADAPTATION
5.	PROSPERITY	15.	PASSERS-BY
6.	ELECTRIFICATION	16.	DISAPPROVAL
7.	ANTIBIOTICS	17.	DETERMINATION
8.	BEHOLDER	18.	BREAKDOWN
9.	PRECISION	19.	POOR
10.	APPLICANTS	20.	REDUCTION

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	B automation (tự động hóa)
2.	B concentration (n) sự tập trung
3.	D pleasure (n) giải trí
4.	B produce electricity (n) sx điện
5.	D employment (n) làm việc
6.	A book review (n) tóm lược
7.	C	distributing fertilizers
8.	B	pollutants (n) tác nhân
9.	C	subject (n) môn học
10.	A	power (n) quyền lực

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
11.	C	equality (n) bình đẳng giới
12.	C	responsibility (n) bổn phận
13.	B	conservation (n) việc bảo tồn
14.	C	industrial development
15.	B	extinction (n) sự tiệt chủng
16.	C	integration (n) hội nhập
17.	D	civilization (n) nền văn minh
18.	D	destruction (n) sự hủy hoại
19.	B	pages (n) (trang sách)
20.	B	receive + danh từ chỉ sự vật

Exercise 5: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	A biology (n) môn sinh học
2.	B night shift (n) ca đêm
3.	B to take responsibility for
4.	C solutions (n) giải pháp
5.	D special dishes (n) đặc sản
6.	B first attempt (n) lần đầu
7.	B share the household chores
8.	C burn garbage (v) đốt rác
9.	B make a decision (v) quyết định
10.	D values (n) giá trị

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
11.	B	construction (n) hướng dẫn
12.	B	university education
13.	D	subject (n) môn học English
14.	B	Geography (n) môn Địa Lí
15.	B	History (n) môn Lịch Sử
16.	C	durability (n) độ bền
17.	B	subject (n) môn học
18.	D	vacancies (n) vị trí công việc
19.	C	vacant positions (n) việc
20.	C	certificate (n) bằng cấp

Exercise 6: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	B laws (n) luật pháp
2.	D protection (n) sự bảo vệ
3.	A wildlife (n) thú hoang
4.	C review (n) bản tóm lược
5.	B disappointedly (adv) thất vọng
6.	D politician (n) chính trị gia
7.	A penalty (n) phạt đền
8.	D shot (n) cú sút (cứu thua)
9.	C exploitation (n) khai thác bừa
10.	A romance (n) truyện lãng mạn

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
11.	C	entertainment (n) giải trí
12.	B	novel (n) tiểu thuyết
13.	B	tendency (n) xu hướng
14.	C	tsunami (n) song thần
15.	D	comfortable and relaxed
16.	C	verge of extinction (n)
17.	C	biography (n) tự truyện
18.	C	for pleasure (n) để giải trí
19.	C	enterprises (n) tổ hợp CN
20.	C	decision (n) quyết định

Exercise 7: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	C	variety of (n) nhiều
2.	B	terrorism (n) chủ nghĩa k. bố
3.	B	disappearance (n) biến mất
4.	C	medicine (n) y học
5.	A	responsibility (n) trách nhiệm
6.	D	security (n) an ninh nghiêm
7.	A	Constant threat (n) đe dọa
8.	A	top priority (n) ưu tiên đầu
9.	A	device (n) thiết bị
10.	C	investment (n) đầu tư

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
11.	B	living standards (n) mức sống
12.	D	friendship (n) tình bạn
13.	A	policy (n) chính sách mở cửa
14.	D	sectors (n) thành phần kinh tế
15.	C	development (n) sự phát triển
16.	D	shuttle (n) tàu con thoi
17.	B	depression (n) suy thoái k. tế
18.	A	Telecommunication (n) l. lạc
19.	A	science (n) khoa học
20.	D	breath (n) sự hít thở

Exercise 8: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	B	preference (n) sở thích
2.	C	course (n) khóa học
3.	C	graduation (n) lễ tốt nghiệp
4.	D	institute (n) học viện
5.	A	requirements (n) yêu cấu
6.	D	Veterinary (n) Bác sĩ thú y
7.	C	applicant (n) ứng viên
8.	B	take a course (v) theo học
9.	A	curriculum (n) chương trình học
10.	D	selection (n) sự chọn lựa

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
11.	D	applicants (n) ứng viên
12.	B	optional (adj) tự chọn
13.	C	pressure (n) áp lực
14.	B	position(n) vị trí công việc
15.	D	disappointment (n) thất vọng
16.	A	impression (n) gây ấn tượng
17.	C	Vacant (n) quảng cáo việc làm
18.	A	out of work (n) thất nghiệp
19.	D	interest (n) hứng thú
20.	C	inflation (n) lạm phát

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