CHUYÊN ĐỀ ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU CÓ “TO” VÀ KHÔNG “TO” TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Lý thuyết
1.1. Động từ nguyên mẫu có to (Infinitive with to)
Động từ nguyên mẫu có to được dùng làm:
- Chủ ngữ (subjects):
Ví dụ:
To swim is good for our health.
* Lưu ý: Trong Tiếng Anh hiện đại, cấu trúc với chủ ngữ giả “it” thường được dùng hơn.
It is good for our health to swim.
- Tân ngữ: (Object)
+ Tân ngữ trực tiếp cho các từ
afford, agree, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, care, choose, claim, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, seem, swear, tend, threaten, vow, wait, want, wish, would like, yearn, urge
Ví dụ:
We decided to have a baby.
They plan to go abroad next year.
+ To-infinitive cũng được dùng sau các cụm từ:
to make up one’s mind: quyết định
to take care: chăm sóc
to make sure: chắc chắn
to take the trouble: gặp rắc rối
Ví dụ:
I’ve made up my mind to be a teacher.
+ Sử dụng sau tính từ:
I’m curious to know what he said.
It’s nice to meet you here.
+ Dùng sau các nghi vấn từ trong lời nói gián tiếp (ngoại trừ why).
Ví dụ:
I do not know what to do.
Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop?
- Bổ ngữ:
+ Bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (subjective complements)
Ví dụ:
What you have to do is to work harder.
+ Bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ (Objective complements)
Ví dụ:
My mother wants me to become a doctor.
- Đứng sau các động từ sau để bổ nghĩa cho tân ngữ
advise, allow, ask, assume, beg, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, enable, encourage, expect, find, forbid, force, get, guess, hate, help, imagine, intend, instruct, invite, know, lead, like, leave, love, mean, need, observe, order, permit, prefer, persuade, remind, request, suspect, teach, tell, tempt, think, trust, urge, understand, want, warn, wish
Ví dụ:
They urge me to go faster.
1.2. Động từ nguyên mẫu không to (Infinitive without to)
Động từ nguyên mẫu không to được dùng:
- Sau các trợ động từ khuyết thiếu (modal verbs).
Ví dụ:
We must go now.
- Sau các động từ: let, make, help, see, hear, feel, watch, notice + tân ngữ.
Ví dụ:
We saw her get off the bus.
The boss made us work so hard.
Lưu ý: Sau help + object có thể là một động từ nguyên mẫu có to hoặc không to.
- Sau các cụm động từ had better, would rather, had sooner và sau why hoặc why not.
Ví dụ:
I would rather stay at home.
Why not stay for lunch?
2. Bài tập
Bài tập 1: chọn đáp án đúng
1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.
2. They appreciate (to have/having) this information.
3. His father doesn’t approve of his (going/ to go) to Europe.
4. We found it very difficult (reaching/ to reach) a decision.
5. Donna is interested in (to open/opening) a bar.
6. George has no intention of (to leave/leaving) the city now.
7. We are eager (to return/returning) to school in the fall.
8. We would be better off (to buy/ buying) this car.
9. She refused (to accept/ accepting) the gift.
10. Mary regrets (to be/being) the one to have to tell him.
11. George pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday.
12. Carlos hopes (to finish/finishing) his thesis this year.
13. They agreed (to leave/leaving) early.
14. Helen was anxious (to tell/ telling) her family about her promotion.
15. We are not ready (to stop/stopping) this research at this time.
16. Henry shouldn’t risk (to drive/driving) so fast.
17. He demands (to know/knowing) what is going on.
18. She is looking forward to (return/returning) to her country.
19. There is no excuse for (to leave/leaving) the room in this condition.
20. Gerald returned to his home after (to leave/leaving) the game.
ĐÁP ÁN
1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.
2. They appreciate (to have/having) this information.
3. His father doesn’t approve of his (going/ to go) to Europe.
4. We found it very difficult (reaching/ to reach) a decision.
5. Donna is interested in (to open/opening) a bar.
6. George has no intention of (to leave/leaving) the city now.
7. We are eager (to return/returning) to school in the fall.
8. We would be better off (to buy/ buying) this car.
9. She refused (to accept/ accepting) the gift.
10. Mary regrets (to be/being) the one to have to tell him.
11. George pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday.
12. Carlos hopes (to finish/finishing) his thesis this year.
13. They agreed (to leave/leaving) early.
14. Helen was anxious (to tell/ telling) her family about her promotion.
15. We are not ready (to stop/stopping) this research at this time.
16. Henry shouldn’t risk (to drive/driving) so fast.
17. He demands (to know/knowing) what is going on.
18. She is looking forward to (return/returning) to her country.
19. There is no excuse for (to leave/leaving) the room in this condition.
20. Gerald returned to his home after (to leave/leaving) the game.
........
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