Unit 15: Cities - Language Focus

Phát âm /θ/ - /ð/

• Non - defining and defining relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và không xác định)
• Although to connect contrasting ideas (Although nối mệnh đề trái nghĩa nhau)

a. Defining clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)

• Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định là mệnh đề cần phải có để xác định nghĩa cho từ đứng trước nó.
• Ex: The woman who worked here last month has gone away. ("who worked here last month" là mệnh đề xác định không thể bỏ đi trong câu vì nó xác định nghĩa cho "the woman")

b. Non-defining relative clauses (Mệnh đề quạn hệ không xác định)

• Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định đứng sau một từ đã được xác định. Nó chỉ bỏ nghĩa thêm cho từ đứng trước nó và nếu bỏ đi thì nghĩa của câu vẫn rõ ràng. Mệnh đề này thường được tách biệt giữa hai dấu phẩy.
• Ex: My father, who is a sailor, is interested in stamp collection.
  • Peter, who is a soft man, is an exciting friend.

c. Một số điểm lưu ý khi dùng mệnh đề không xác định

• Mệnh đề không xác định đứng giữa hai dấu phẩy
• Không dùng "that" thay thế cho "which", "who" và "whom" trong mệnh đề không xác định
• Không lược bộ đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề không xác định
• Mệnh đề không xác định được dùng chủ yếu trong văn viết. Trong văn đàm thoại người ta thường dùng hai câu đơn riêng lẻ hoặc nối với nhau bằng liên từ and, but, because,...
  • ​Ex: Trong văn viết: I miss Laura, who has helped me a lot.
    • ​Trong văn nói: I met Tam and she has helped me a lot.

Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ bắt đầu bằng though, although, even if, despite, in spite of, however, whatever. Trong bài học đề cập đến Although để nối câu trong mệnh đề nhượng bộ.

• Form: Although + S + V, S + V
• Ex: Although it rained heavily, they went out with their friends.

Underline the relative clauses in these sentences, and indicate if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND). Add a comma where required. (Gạch dưới các mệnh đề quan hệ trong các câu sau, và chỉ rõ nếu chúng là các mệnh đề xác định (D) hay không xác định (ND). Thêm một dấu phẩy nếu cần.)

1. Washington D.C which is located on the East Coast of the United States has many interesting and historical place to visit.
2. Brasilia which is located on the Granada River became the capital of Brazil in 1960.
3. Mexico City which has a population of nearly 20,000,000 is the largest metropolitan area in the world.
4. Seoul which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics is well-known for its shopping centers.
5. Kyoto which used to be the capital of Japan has many temples.

Guide to answer

1. Washington D.C, which is located on the East Coast of the United States, has many interesting and historical places to visit. (ND)
2. Brasilia, which is located on Granada River, became to capital of Brazil in 1960. (ND)
3. Mexico city, which has a population of nearly 20,000,000, is the largest metropolitan area in the world. (ND)
4. Seoul, which hosted the 1988 summer Olympics, is well-known for its shopping centres. (ND)
5. There are many temples in Kyoto, which used to be the capital of Japan. (ND)

Combine the following sentences using "although". (Nối các câu sau bởi sử dụng "although".)

1. There is not much to do in the countryside. I prefer living in the countryside.
2. There is a lot of population in Los Angeles. It is an ideal place to live.
3. The shops are crowded. People  are not buying much.
4. The city is a favourite tourist destination for many people. It has its problems.
5. It is a safe neighbourhood. It is best to be careful.

Guide to answer

1. Although there is not much to do in the countryside, I prefer living in the countryside.
2. Although there is much pollution in Los Angeles, it is an ideal place to live.
3. Although the shops are crowded, people are not buying much.
4. Although the city is a favourite tourist destination for many people, it has its problems.
5. Although it is a safe neighbourhood, it is best to be careful.

1. I made an appointment with a doctor who/ that is considered an expert on eye disorders,
2. I made an appointment with Dr. Raven who/ that is considered an expert on eye disorders.
3. The car which/ that Al bought had had three previous owners, but it was in excellent condition.
4. My car which/ that I have just bought for three months broke down just outside Omaha.
5. Bogota which/ that is the capital of Colombia is a cosmopolitan city.
6. They climbed Mount Rainier which/ that is in the State of Washington twice last year.
7. We thoroughly enjoyed the music which/ that we heard at the concert last night.
8. Violent tropical storms which/ that occur in western Asia are called typhoons.
9. Larry was very close to his only brother who/ that was a famous social historian.
10. I think the waiter who/ that took our order used to work at Captain Bob's Restaurant..

Key

1. I made an appointment with a doctor who/ that is considered an expert on eye disorders,
2. I made an appointment with Dr. Raven, who is considered an expert on eye disorders.
3. The car which/ that Al bought had had three previous owners, but it was in excellent condition.
4. My car, which I have just bought for three months, broke down just outside Omaha.
5. Bogota, which is the capital of Colombia, is a cosmopolitan city.
6. They climbed Mount Rainier, which is in the State of Washington twice last year.
7. We thoroughly enjoyed the music which/ that we heard at the concert last night.
8. Violent tropical storms which/ that occur in western Asia are called typhoons.
9. Larry was very close to his only brother who/ that was a famous social historian.
10. I think the waiter who/ that took our order used to work at Captain Bob's Restaurant.

Exercise 2: Join each pair of sentences. Be careful where you put the words in brackets.

1 . This shirt is still dirty. I've washed it twice. (even though)

2. John had the necessary qualifications. He was not hired. (even though) .

3. They drank from the stream. They knew it was polluted. (although)

4. Reid failed to score himself. He helped Jones score two goals. (although)

5. Brian went ahead with his original plan for the company. Everyone dis­agreed with him. (although)

Key

1. This shirt is still dirty even though I've washed it twice.
2. Even though John had the neccessary qualifications, he was not hired.
3. They drank from the stream although they knew it was polluted.
4. Reid failed to score himself although he helped Jones score two goals.
5. Although everyone disagreed with him, Brian went ahead with his original plan for the company.

Trên đây là nội dung bài học Language Focus Unit 15 Lớp 10, để củng cố nội dung bài học ngữ pháp mời các em tham gia thực hành Trắc nghiệm Unit 15 lớp 10 Language Focus

• Câu 1: Choose the correct answer or answers.

  Ms. Donaldson, ……….. teaches linguistics at the university, recently received recognition for her research on the use of gestures in communication.

  • A. who
  • B. that
  • C. whom
  • D. whose

• Câu 2:

  We were the better team ____ we lost the match.

  • A. so
  • B. and
  • C. but
  • D. because

• Câu 3:

  The earth, ......... is the fifth largest planet in the solar system, is the planet from the sun.

   

  • A. who
  • B. which
  • C. that
  • D. whom

• Câu 4:

  ______ it was late, I decided to phone Brian.

   

  • A. Despite
  • B. However
  • C. In spite of
  • D. Though

• Câu 5:

  The company offered the position to John ....... department performed the best this year.

  • A. who
  • B. whose
  • C. which
  • D. that

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