TỔNG HỢP KIẾN THỨC VỀ ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian) TIẾNG ANH 12
1. Lý thuyết
This type of clauses is often called time clause in some English grammar books. Study the various usages of different time expressions below.
Trong một số sách ngữ pháp tiếng anh, loại mệnh đề này thường được gọi chung là mệnh đề thời gian.Hãy xem một số cách sử dụng khác nhau của loại mệnh đề này.
Some common subordinating conjunctions of time:
Một số liên từ chỉ thời gian thông dụng:
After, as, before, by the time, since, when, whenever, by the time, as soon as, once, as long as, etc.
1. When
When means at that monent, at that time.
When có nghĩa là vào lúc, khi.
Thí dụ: He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
When she called, he was having lunch.
I was washing the dishes when my sister was falling asleep.
2. Before
Before means before that moment.
Before có nghĩa là trước lúc, trước khi.
Thí dụ: She had left before I telephoned.
We will finish the task before he arrives.
3. After
After means after that moment.
After có nghĩa là sau đó.
Thí dụ: We will finish after he comes.
She had an accident after I had left.
4. By the time
By the time means one event is completed before another event. We use the past perfect tense for past event and future perfect tense for future events in the main clause to emphasize the completion of the action.
By the time có nghĩa là trước khi.Nó diễn tả một hành động đã hoàn thành trước một hành động khác. Ở mệnh đề chính, ta dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành cho hành động quá khứ và thì tương lai hoàn thành cho hành động tương lai nhằm nhấn mạnh sự hoàn tất của hành động.
Thí dụ: We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.
By the time he had finished his homework, I had completed mine.
5. Since
Since + point of time means from that time to the present. We often use the present perfect tense in the main clause.
Since + point of time có nghĩa từ lúc... đến nay.Ở mệnh đề chính, ta thường dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành.
Thí dụ:I have played tennis since I was a young boy.
6. As soon as
As soon as means when one event happens, anoher event happens soon afterwards.We usually use the simple present tense for future events, although present perfect can also be used.
As soon as có nghĩa là ngay khi. Nó diễn tả khi một hành động này xảy ra thì một hành động khác sẽ tiếp diễn liền sau đó.Ở mệnh đề này, ta thường dùng thì hiện tại đơn hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành cho các hành động ở tương lai.
Thí dụ: He will let us know his decision as soon as he makes it.
7. Whenever, every time
Whenever and every time means each time something happens. We normally use the simple present or the simple past tense in these clauses because whenever and every time express a habitual or repeated action.
Whenever và every time có nghĩa mỗi khi điều gì đó xảy ra.Ta thường dùng thì hiện tại đơn hay quá khứ đơn trong các mệnh đề này vì whenever và every time diễn tả hành động mang tính thói quen hay lặp lại.
Thí dụ: He got bad marks every time he was nervous.
Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at Dick’s.
8.The first, second, third, fourth,etc... next, last time.
The first, second, third, fourth,etc... next, last time express specific points of time.
The first, second, third, fourth,etc... next, last time diễn tả những thời điểm cụ thể.
Thí dụ: The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.
The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
9. Until, till
Until and till mean to the time .... we use either the simple present or simple past tense in these clauses. Till is usually only used in spoken English.
Until và Till có nghĩa là cho đến lúc ... Ta thường dùng thì hiện tại đơn hay quá khứ đởntong các mệnh đề này. Till chỉ được dùng trong văn nói.
Thí dụ: I’ll wait until you finish your task.
We waited until he finished his homework.
10. While, as
While and as mean during the time. They are both usually used to indicate an action in progress.
While và as có nghĩa là trong suốt thời gian. Chúng thường được dùng để diễn tả một hành động mang tính tiếp diễn.
Thí dụ: As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.
She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.
11. As long as, so long as
As long as and so long as mean during all that time from beginning to end.
As long as và so long as có nghĩa là trong suốt thời gian từ lúc khởi đầu đến lúc kết thúc.
Thí dụ: He didn’t say anything as long as she was boasting.
NOTES
a. The simple present tense is usually used in time clauses to denote future actions.
Thì hiện tại đơn luôn được dùng trong các mệnh đề chỉ thời gian để nói về các hành động tương lai.
Thí dụ: I’ll ask her when she arrive tomorrow.
(not: when she will arrive tomorrow)
If the completion of the action needs emphasis,the perfect tenses are used.
Dùng thì hoàn thành để nhấn mạnh sự hoàn tất của hành động
Thí dụ: I’ll see you when I have finished my homework.
b. The phrases S + be in time clauses can be omitted when the two subjects in two clauses are identical. This is called elliptical clause.
Cụm chủ từ + be có thể được bỏ đi khi hai chủ từ ở hai mệnh đề là một.Đây được gọi là mệnh đề rút gọn.
Thí dụ:When a little girl, my mother was very shy and passive.
(When my mother was a girl, she was very shy and passive)
c.No soon ...than..., hardly... when...., barely...., scarely...when.... can be used to describe succesive actions taking place right after one another.
No soon ...than..., hardly... when...., barely...., scarely...when.... được dùng để diễn tả các hành động diễn ra liên tiếp nhau.
Thí dụ; My mother has no sooner done the washing up than she has to do the cooking.
Hardly has my mother done the washing up when she has to do the cooking.
Sequence of tenses in Adverbial Clauses of Time (Sự phối hợp thì trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)
1. Sequence with the simple present in the main clause denoting a customary activity.
.................
2. Bài tập
I. Choose the most suitable answer
1. She will attend class........... , which is a right decision.
a. after she finishes her homework assignment
b. after she finished her homework assignment
c. after she had finished her homework assignment
d. after she will finish her homework assignment
2. By the time he arrived,...............
a. the other student already left.
b. the other student already leave
c. the other student have already left
d. the other student had already left
3........................ ever since I was a child.
a. I know her
b. I knew her
c. I have known her
d. I will have known her
4. The students stayed at he library...................
a. until they should finish their work.
b. until they finished their work
c. until they finish their work
d. they finished their work
5............................. as soon as it becomes sunny.
a. We will go to the beach.
b. We go to the beach
c. We have gone to the beach.
d. We went to the beach
ĐÁP ÁN
1a; 2d; 3c; 4b; 5a
II. Correct the mistakes by rewriting the sentences.
1. When the Queen will arrive, we must stand up.
… When the Queen arrives, we must stand up
2. As soon as they’ll get home, I’ll tell them the whole story.
.... As soon as they get home, I’ll tell them the whole story
3. Every time I would go shopping, I spent a lot of money.
..... Every time I went shopping, I spent a lot of money
4. I’ll call you immediately before I reach my hotel.
.... I’ll call you immediately after / as soon as I reach my hotel
5. Can you give me a ring when you will be ready?
...Can you give me a ring when you are ready?
ĐÁP ÁN
1. When the Queen arrives, we must stand up
2. As soon as they get home, I’ll tell them the whole story
3. Every time I went shopping, I spent a lot of money
4. I’ll call you immediately after / as soon as I reach my hotel
5. Can you give me a ring when you are ready?
III. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense
1. How long do you want me to heat the oil? –heat it till it (begin) to smoke.
2. How long are you going to stay here? - I’m going to stay here until my brother (finish) his exams.
3. When I (get) to the cinema, the film (start).
4. By the time you (read) this book, your meal will get cold.
5. Please tell me how to get to the hospital? - Go till you (come) to a square with a statue in the middle; then turn left and you (find) it on your right.
6. I (read) book while my sister (do) her homework.
7. When he (come), I (watch) a football match on TV.
8. When I (walk) down the street, I (see) her.
9. We will go with him as soon as we (finish) the task.
10. I (learn) English since I (be) six years old.
ĐÁP ÁN
1. begins
2. has finished/ finishes
3. got / had started
4. read
5. come/ will find
6. was reading / was doing
7. came/ was watching
8. was walking / saw
9. have finished
10. have learned / was
PART A: Structures
Punctuation
- When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses.
Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.
- When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma.
Example: He gave me a call when he arrived in town.
- The time in the sentence is future but we use a present tense.
Ex: wait here until I come back. (not until I will come back)
- We can also use the present perfect tense after: when/after/as soon as/until or till
Can I borrow that book when you have finished it?
It is often possible to use the present tense or the present perfect tense
Ex: I will come as soon as I finish. Or I will come as soon as I have finished.
Adverbial Clauses of Time
When
He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.
'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc. ‘Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present.
Punctuation
When an adverb clause begins the sentence use a comma to separate the two clauses. Example: As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch. . When the adverb clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma. Example: He gave me a call when he arrived in town.
Before
We will finish before he arrives.
She (had) left before I telephoned.
'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before' takes either the simple past OR the present.
After
We will finish after he comes.
She ate after I (had) left.
'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after' takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events.
While, as
She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.
As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.
'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. 'While' and 'as' are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which indicates an action in progress.
By the time
By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.
'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time.
Until, till
We waited until he finished his homework.
I'll wait till you finish.
'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English.
Since
I have played tennis since I was a young boy.
They have worked here since 1987.
'Since' means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous) with 'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a specific point in time.
As soon as/ Once
He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has decided).
As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call.
Once I have a chance, I will throw you an ice ball.
'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterwards'. 'As soon as' is very similar to 'when' it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used.
NOTE: No sooner … than … or hardly/scarcely/barely …when. . is used in the meaning of As soon as…but when the sentence starts with them, that part is used in “inversion” like the question form and in the past perfect tense.
Examples
As soon as I entered the room, I noticed her.
No sooner had I entered the room than I noticed her.
Hardly had I entered the room when I noticed her.
As soon as he approached the house, the policeman stopped him.
No sooner had he approached the house than the policeman stopped him.
Hardly had he approached the house when the policeman stopped him.
Whenever, every time
Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at "Dick's".
We take a hike every time he visits.
Whenever/Every time Susan feels nervous, she chews her nails.
'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every time' express habitual action.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time
The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco.
The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened.
PART B: Exercises
A. Choose the best choice.
1. Lan has learnt English since she_________ a small girl.
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
2. Don’t go anywhere until I_________ back.
A. come B. came C. will come D. am coming
3. Before cars_________, people_________ horses and bicycles.
A. were discovered/ had used
B. discovering/ had used
C. had discovered/ used
D. discovered/ had used
4. I am going to speak with the boss when the meeting _______.
A. will end B. ends C. is ending D. would end
5. When we_________ him tomorrow, we will remind him of that.
A. will see B. see C. am seeing D. saw.
6. When he comes, I_________ her the news.
A. tell B. will tell C. would tell D. would have told
7. When the police came, they _________.
A. are fighting B. fought C. would be fighting D. were fighting
8. Before she came to England, she _________ English.
A. studied B. will study C. had studied D was studying
9. I have lost touch with him _________ He left for London.
A. as soon as B. after C. before D. since
10. My mother is washing the dishes _________ my father is watching television.
A. when B. while C. as D. since
.....
B. Rewrite using the words in brackets:
1. As soon as he went into the bank, one of the robbers attacked him. (No sooner…than. . .)
________________________
2. She fell asleep as soon as she lay down. (Hardly . . . when. . .)
_________________________
3. As soon as he stepped into the bathroom, the cell phone rang. (No sooner …than. . .)
________________________________________
4. He read the reading passage first. Immediately after that he answered the questions. (Hardly/when)
_____________________________________
5. As soon as he saw her, he recognised her. (No sooner… than…)
__________________________________________
ĐÁP ÁN
1. No sooner had he gone into the bank than one of the robbers attacked him.
2. Hardly had she lain down when she fell asleep.
3. No sooner has she stepped into the bathroom than the cell phone rang.
4. Hardly had he read the reading passage when he answered the questions.
5. No sooner had he seen her than he recognised her.
C. Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense
........
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